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. 2025 Dec 24;27:1. doi: 10.1186/s12860-025-00563-7

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Velocity of the Flows is Inversely Proportional to the Cell Velocity (A) Temporal changes in flow velocities and cell velocity of a talin A/B null cell. As cell velocity increased, surface wave and myosin II velocities decreased. (B) Relationship between cell velocity and the velocity of the surface wave across multiple cells (n = 13). (C) Relationship between cell velocity and myosin II flow across multiple cells (n = 13). (D and E) Representative kymographs of surface wave and myosin II flow in non-migrating and migrating cells, respectively. Small “A” and “P” indicate anterior and posterior, respectively. Note that both the convex shape of the cell surface (black dots) and myosin II filaments (white lines) did not flow in the migrating cell (E) but did in the non-migrating cell (D). (F) A typical kymograph of flow of actin foci (small arrows) in a non-adherent cell expressing GFP-lifeact. Right panel shows a kymograph of the rectangle in left panel. Large white arrow indicates the flow direction. All microscopic images were taken by TIRF microscopy. Bars, 10 μm