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. 2025 Dec 24;27:1. doi: 10.1186/s12860-025-00563-7

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Cortical Flows are Enhanced by Detaching the Cell from the Substratum During Cytokinesis (A-D) A typical TIRF images and kymographs of dividing wild-type cells expressing GFP-lifeact on uncoated coverslip (A and B) and Lipidure-coated coverslip (C and D). The cells were mildly pressed with an agarose block to observe the ventral cortex by TIRF microscopy. Panel B and D show kymographs of the white rectangles of panel A and C, respectively. Arrows indicate actin foci. (E and F) A typical TIRF image and kymograph of dividing cells expressing GFP-myosin II. Panel F shows a kymograph of the white rectangle of panel E. (G) Summary of velocities of actin and myosin II flows in wild-type cells and myosin null cells (HS1) under adherent and non-adherent conditions, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. ** p < 0.0001, ns, not significant, P > 0.05 (n = 10). (H) A typical photobleaching experiment of a dividing cell expressing GFP-cAR1 under confocal microscopy. Left two panels show fluorescence images before and after photobleaching, respectively. The right panel shows a kymograph in the white box in the right panel. Similar results were obtained in at least five independent experiments. Bars, 10 μm