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. 2026 Jan 21;26:79. doi: 10.1186/s12893-026-03507-w

Table 1.

Demographics and preoperative health characteristics of all patients. Reported as n (%), unless otherwise stated

Patient Characteristics All
(n = 364)
HbA1c < 6.5%
(n = 206)
HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
(n = 158)
p
Preoperative HbA1c [%] 6.5 ± 1.2 5.7 ± 0.5 7.5 ± 1.2 < 0.001
Age, mean ± SD [years] 51 ± 13 51 ± 12 52 ± 14 0.11
BMI, mean ± SD [kg/m2] 34 ± 7.4 34 ± 8.3 34 ± 6.1 0.42
BMI Class 0.79
 Underweight 7 (1.9) 5 (2.4) 2 (1.3)
 Normal Weight 13 (3.6) 7 (3.4) 6 (3.8)
 Overweight 66 (18) 35 (17) 31 (20)
 Obesity 278 (76) 159 (77) 119 (75)
Race 0.30
 White 131 (36) 79 (38) 52 (33)
 Black or African American 143 (39) 77 (37) 66 (42)
 Asian 10 (2.7) 4 (1.9) 6 (3.8)
 American Indian or Alaska Native 2 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.3)
 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 2 (0.6) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.6)
Diabetes < 0.001
 Non-Insulin 293 (80) 186 (90) 107 (68)
 Insulin 71 (20) 20 (9.7) 51 (32)
Smoking 23 (6.3) 12 (5.8) 11 (7.0) 0.66
COPD 6 (1.6) 1 (0.5) 5 (3.2) 0.089
CHF 12 (3.3) 3 (1.5) 9 (5.7) 0.036
Dialysis 4 (1.1) 2 (1.0) 2 (1.3) > 0.99
Hypertension 213 (59) 109 (53) 104 (66) 0.013
Renal Failure 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) > 0.99
Ascites 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) > 0.99
Corticosteroid Use 23 (6.3) 16 (7.8) 7 (4.4) 0.28
Disseminated Cancer 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) > 0.99
Bleeding Disorder 4 (1.1) 3 (1.5) 1 (0.6) 0.64
Preoperative Transfusions 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) > 0.99
Functional Status 0.43
 Independent 360 (99) 205 (100) 155 (98)
 Partially Dependent 1 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.6)
ASA Class 0.36
 1 - No Disturbance 4 (1.1) 3 (1.5) 1 (0.6 )
 2 - Mild disturbance 185 (51) 110 (53) 75 (47)
 3 - Severe Disturbance 175 (48) 93 (45) 82 (52)