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. 2026 Jan 26;14:121. doi: 10.1186/s40359-026-04026-2

Table 2.

Intention-to-treat (ITT) within-group analyses using paired-samples t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Pre Post
Variables Mean (SD) Median Mean (SD) Median t(df)/Z-value p Cohen’s d/r
Parent Network of Relationship Inventory:
 Providing a safe haven 3.93 (0.95) 4.00 4.29 (1.31) 4.50 2.0 (282) 0.047 0.33
 Providing a secure base 4.49 (0.66) 4.67 4.66 (1.46) 5.00 −1.282a <.05b −.18c
 Companionship 4.35 (0.58) 4.33 4.43 (1.31) 4.63 0.41 (234) 0.685 0.08
Warm relationship 4.48 (0.87) 4.80 4.61 (1.67) 4.80 0.53 (243) 0.597 0.11
Conflict 1.73 (0.80) 1.65 1.78 (1.55) 1.75 0.12 (106) 0.902 0.04
Validation 2.60 (0.51) 2.80 2.70 (1.16) 3.00 0.58 (197) 0.566 0.11
Societal belonging 3.41 (0.87) 3.50 4.33 (1.46) 4.37 4.60 (285) < 0.001 0.77
Efficacy to support the child’s schooling 2.73 (0.58) 2.86 2.79 (0.80) 2.71 0.46 (339) 0.649 0.09

Results based on 50 imputations. a Z-value from Wilcoxon signed-rank test. bp-value based on Fischer’s combined test. cr was used as effect estimate for non-normally distributed data