Table 2.

Themes, subthemes/codes and categories.

Themes	Subthemes	Codes/categories	Socio-ecological resilience/social role theory mapping
Burdens of rural family caregiving	No time for personal care Feelings of guilt and helplessness Giving up on career goals and aspirations Marital devotion Lack of social services and support	Fatigue, lack of sleep and appetite, mental exhaustion, multiple tasks to finish, Managing multiple caregiving and personal responsibilities Anger, role conflict, helplessness, hopelessness, guilt for not being able to provide enough care, and grief. Not working, turn down employment, Love, sacrifice, devotion, commitment Lack of paid caregivers, unaffordable care, lack of access, long distances	a. Individual level/Interpersonal level/role expectations/strain b. Individual level /Interpersonal level/Role conflict/strain c. Individual level /Societal/policy level/Role expectations/Division of labor d. Individual level /Interpersonal level/Gender roles/Socialization/Role expectation e. Community, Societal and Policy Level /Interpersonal level/Division of labor/Role strain
Caregiver coping and self-care strategies	Use of social media Online church meetings and meditation apps Participation in voluntary services Owning a pet	Emails, sending text messages, Facebook Virtual church meetings, meditation apps, loneliness Gardening, walking, mindfulness, exercise camping, cooking, farm horses and animals Pets give company, pets are sweet, pets are around	a. Individual level /Interpersonal level/Role expectation/Socialization b. Individual level /community level/Role expectation/socialization c. Individual level /community level/Role strain relief/socialization d. Individual level /Interpersonal level/role strain relief/socialization