Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population according to categories of living alone and prevalence of osteoporosis.
| Characteristic | Living with others and non-osteoporosis (n = 2,170) |
Living with others and osteoporosis (n = 1,543) |
Living alone and non-osteoporosis (n = 266) |
Living alone and osteoporosis (n = 261) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 70.3 ± 5.2 | 73.0 ± 6.0a | 71.8 ± 6.0a,b | 76.1 ± 6.6a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 1,077 (49.6) | 555 (36.0)a | 92 (34.6)a | 58 (22.2)a,b,c | |
| Female | 1,093 (50.4) | 988 (64.0)a | 174 (65.4)a | 203 (77.8)a,b,c | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4 ± 3.3 | 23.4 ± 3.1a | 24.3 ± 3.3b | 23.1 ± 3.1a,c | <0.001 |
| IPAQ, Mets/week | 4399.5 (1533.0,7759.5) | 3759.0 (1386.0,7092.0)a | 3966.0 (1413.0,7112.3) | 2772.0 (1053.0,5292.0)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| MNA, score | 26.4 ± 2.3 | 25.8 ± 2.4a | 26.3 ± 2.3b | 25.4 ± 2.6a,c | <0.001 |
| Social contact, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| None | 439 (20.5) | 361 (23.8) | 85 (32.4)a,b | 75 (28.8)a | |
| Irregular | 747 (35.0) | 557 (36.7) | 85 (32.4) | 101 (38.8) | |
| Regular | 952 (44.5) | 599 (39.5)a | 92 (35.2)a | 84 (32.4)a | |
| Monthly income (RMB), n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| <3,000 | 546 (25.2) | 426 (27.9) | 147 (55.5)a,b | 133 (51.0)a,b | |
| 3,000–5,000 | 460 (21.3) | 304 (19.9) | 78 (29.4)a,b | 83 (31.8)a,b | |
| >5,000 | 1,157 (53.5) | 796 (52.2) | 40 (15.1)a,b | 45 (17.2)a,b | |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Illiterate | 121 (5.6) | 143 (9.3)a | 20 (7.5) | 48 (18.5)a,b,c | |
| Non-illiterate | 2038 (94.4) | 1,396 (90.7)a | 245 (92.5) | 212 (81.5)a,b,c | |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 343 (15.8) | 174 (11.3)a | 38 (14.3) | 24 (9.2)a | <0.001 |
| Current drinking, n (%) | 552 (25.5) | 279 (18.1)a | 50 (18.8) | 41 (15.7)a | <0.001 |
| Depression, n (%) | 195 (9.0) | 201 (13.0)a | 47 (17.7)a | 72 (27.6)a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Disease history, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes | 405 (18.7) | 281 (18.2) | 58 (21.8) | 46 (17.6) | 0.547 |
| Hypertension | 1,333 (61.4) | 908 (58.8) | 162 (60.9) | 163 (62.5) | 0.394 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 545 (25.1) | 370 (24.0) | 68 (25.6) | 73 (28.0) | 0.546 |
| Stroke | 292 (13.5) | 239 (15.5) | 53 (19.9)a | 43 (16.5) | 0.020 |
a
p < 0.05 versus the “living with others and non-osteoporosis” group.
b
p < 0.05 versus the “living with others and osteoporosis” group.
c
p < 0.05 versus the “living alone and non-osteoporosis” group.
BMI, body mass index; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; Mets/week, metabolic equivalent task minutes per week; MNA, mini-nutritional assessment.