Table 2.
Semen variables in frozen – thawed African Penguin samples in two tested groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD and median (range), sample size (n) = 27.
| Semen characteristic | Descriptive statistic | Group | p-value | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | T500 | ||||
| ViabilityA (%) | Mean ± SD | 31.07 ± 14.29 | 32.74 ± 18.14 | 0.587 | 0.0764 |
| Median (range) | 28 (13–65) | 31 (0–72) | |||
| Total motility (%) | Mean ± SD | 7.76 ± 7.02 | 4.21 ± 11.67 | 0.00186* | 0.601 |
| Median (range) | 5.3 (0.7–25.4) | 1.9 (0.0–62.2) | |||
| Progressive motility (%) | Mean ± SD | 0.55 ± 0.45 | 0.40 ± 0.37 | 0.265 | 0.225 |
| Median (range) | 0.4 (0.0–1.9) | 0.4 (0.0–1.3) | |||
| Rapid (%) | Mean ± SD | 13.59 ± 9.83 | 22.10 ± 15.43 | 0.0089* | 0.502 |
| Median (range) | 9.1 (0.0 33.3) | 25.0 (0.0–47.1) | |||
| Slow (%) | Mean ± SD | 7.37 ± 6.70 | 3.59 ± 11.67 | 0.00071* | 0.690 |
| Median (range) | 4.5 (1.0–24.8) | 1.3 (0.0–61.8) | |||
| VCL (µm/s) | Mean ± SD | 69.50 ± 28.31 | 88.00 ± 36.89 | 0.028* | 0.421 |
| Median (range) | 58.19 (35.61–133.60) | 90.81 (0.00–160.26) | |||
| VSL (µm/s) | Mean ± SD | 25.46 ± 8.13 | 31.95 ± 12.91 | 0.014* | 0.467 |
| Median (range) | 24.02 (15.62–42.69) | 34.82 (0.00–49.06) | |||
| VAP (µm/s) | Mean ± SD | 35.62 ± 12.80 | 45.11 ± 15.53 | 0.00645* | 0.513 |
| Median (range) | 31.96 (20.79–72.06) | 47.15 (0.00–67.26) | |||
| LIN (%) | Mean ± SD | 44.12 ± 8.19 | 44.21 ± 15.53 | 0.413 | 0.162 |
| Median (range) | 46.26 (23.92–56.94) | 49.19 (0.00–66.39) | |||
| STR (%) | Mean ± SD | 72.96 ± 8.16 | 68.96 ± 18.89 | 0.786 | 0.0555 |
| Median (range) | 75.78 (51.85–83.85) | 73.85 (0.00–90.26) | |||
| WOB (%) | Mean ± SD | 56.45 ± 7.09 | 56.88 ± 15.27 | 0.313 | 0.199 |
| Median (range) | 57.16 (37.64–68.98) | 61.06 (0.00–75.72) | |||
| ALH (µm) | Mean ± SD | 5.95 ± 2.62 | 8.14 ± 2.47 | 0.00325* | 0.55 |
| Median (range) | 4.64 (3.00–11.23) | 8.51 (0.00–11.02) | |||
| BCF (Hz) | Mean ± SD | 63.67 ± 35.01 | 80.55 ± 38.30 | 0.0276*,a | 0.370 |
| Median (range) | 54.63 (25.25–165.88) | 79.39 (0.00–158.70) | |||
p – value is for the Wilcoxon test for paired samples.
SD = standard deviation, A eosin – nigrosine staining assessment, VCL = curvilinear velocity, VSL = straight-line velocity, VAP = average path velocity, LIN = linearity, STR = straightness, WOB = wobble, ALH = amplitude of lateral head displacement, BCF = beat cross frequency, * values statistically significant (p < 0.05), a one-sided test.