Table 4.
Sperm characteristics assessed with flow cytometry in frozen – thawed African Penguin semen samples in two tested groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD and median (range); sample size (n) = 27.
| Sperm characteristic |
Descriptive statistic | Group | p-value | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | T500 | ||||
| Live (%) | Mean ± sd | 32.58 ± 21.56 | 28.45 ± 19.48 | 0.225 |
0.236 (small) |
| Median (range) | 29.60 (5.73–90.73) | 26.00 (3.90–92.84) | |||
| Apoptotic (%) | Mean ± sd | 15.39 ± 13.17 | 8.77 ± 11.34 | 4.92 × 10− 7* |
0.832 (large) |
| Median (range) | 13.48 (0.71–59.02) | 4.76 (0.42–53.92) | |||
|
Damaged acrosome (%) |
Mean ± sd | 3.99 ± 5.74 | 2.35 ± 2.36 | 0.0322* |
0.358 (moderate) |
| Median (range) | 1.57 (0.14–22.10) | 1.54 (0.06–11.40) | |||
| HMMP (%) | Mean ± sd | 6.42 ± 5.39 | 2.81 ± 3.09 | 0.00092* |
0.610 (large) |
| Median (range) | 4.91 (0.91–21.31) | 1.55 (0.00–12.05) | |||
| DFI (%) | Mean ± sd | 2.72 ± 2.81 | 1.27 ± 1.78 | 0.0013* |
0.615 (large) |
| Median (range) | 1.73 (0.00–11.44) | 0.44 (0.00–6.56) | |||
| HDS (%) | Mean ± sd | 20.93 ± 18.63 | 17.76 ± 11.67 | 0.611 |
0.102 (small) |
| Median (range) | 14.56 (2.52–76.16) | 13.78 (6.32–59.48) | |||
p – value is for the Wilcoxon test for paired samples; SD = standard deviation, HMMP = High Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, DFI = DNA Fragmentation Index, HDS = High DNA Stainability, * values statistically significant (p < 0.05).