Skip to main content
. 2025 Dec 27;16:3768. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33776-z

Table 4.

Sperm characteristics assessed with flow cytometry in frozen – thawed African Penguin semen samples in two tested groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD and median (range); sample size (n) = 27.

Sperm
characteristic
Descriptive statistic Group p-value Effect size
CONTROL T500
Live (%) Mean ± sd 32.58 ± 21.56 28.45 ± 19.48 0.225

0.236

(small)

Median (range) 29.60 (5.73–90.73) 26.00 (3.90–92.84)
Apoptotic (%) Mean ± sd 15.39 ± 13.17 8.77 ± 11.34 4.92 × 10− 7*

0.832

(large)

Median (range) 13.48 (0.71–59.02) 4.76 (0.42–53.92)

Damaged

acrosome (%)

Mean ± sd 3.99 ± 5.74 2.35 ± 2.36 0.0322*

0.358

(moderate)

Median (range) 1.57 (0.14–22.10) 1.54 (0.06–11.40)
HMMP (%) Mean ± sd 6.42 ± 5.39 2.81 ± 3.09 0.00092*

0.610

(large)

Median (range) 4.91 (0.91–21.31) 1.55 (0.00–12.05)
DFI (%) Mean ± sd 2.72 ± 2.81 1.27 ± 1.78 0.0013*

0.615

(large)

Median (range) 1.73 (0.00–11.44) 0.44 (0.00–6.56)
HDS (%) Mean ± sd 20.93 ± 18.63 17.76 ± 11.67 0.611

0.102

(small)

Median (range) 14.56 (2.52–76.16) 13.78 (6.32–59.48)

p – value is for the Wilcoxon test for paired samples; SD = standard deviation, HMMP = High Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, DFI = DNA Fragmentation Index, HDS = High DNA Stainability, * values statistically significant (p < 0.05).