Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies.

ID	Author (s)	Pub. Year	Title	Study setting and design	Sample size and participant characteristics	Physical function	Instruments	Key findings
001	(Bertoli et al) [26]	2023	Mat Pilates improves lower and upper body strength and flexibility in breast cancer survivors undergoing hormone therapy: a randomized controlled trial (HAPiMat study).	Hospital and randomized controlled trial	n=43; stage 0-III; ≥40 years; undergoing hormone therapy; sex not reported	Hip flexor and extensor muscle strength	Biodex Medical system 4 (Shirley)	Biodex assessments showed that the Pilates group significantly improved their lower body strength, with increases in isometric flexor-extensor peak torque and enhanced concentric and eccentric flexor peak torque and mechanical work.
002	(Rao and Pattanshetty) [27]	2022	Effect of myofascial release, stretching, and strengthening on upper torso posture, spinal curvatures, range of motion, strength, shoulder pain and disability, and quality of life in breast cancer survivors.	Hospital and pre‐post experimental study	n=22; female, 35-70 years; newly diagnosed; treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or combination	Shoulder and cervical range of motion	Cervical range of motion was evaluated using a digital inclinometer	Significant improvements were observed for cervical movements.
003	(Højvig et al) [28]	2022	Donor-site morbidity following breast reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi flap - A prospective study.	Hospital and prospective observational study	n=20; female, 32-70 years; undergoing delayed breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap	Shoulder Strength	Biodex System4 Pro-dynamometer	The study revealed that breast reconstruction using the LDa flap led to significant decreases in isometric shoulder strength for adduction and extension due to LD muscle removal, supporting its impact on shoulder girdle strength; however, isokinetic strength remained largely unchanged 12 weeks after surgery.
004	(Zabi̇t Özdemir and İyi̇gün) [29]	2022	Is there a difference in balance functions between breast cancer survivor women and healthy women?	Eastern Mediterranean University's Healthy Living Center and A prospective study	n=66; female, 35-70 years; 33 postmastectomy survivors vs 33 healthy controls; no chemo/radiation	Dynamic balance	Computer-based Dynamic Balance Platform (Technobody-PK 200 WL)	No differences were observed between the groups in subparameter dynamic balance measurements, computer-based dynamic balance platform assessments, or Y-Balance Test results.
005	(Wechsler et al) [30]	2022	Persistent cancer-related fatigue predicts static and dynamic balance in women with a history of breast cancer	A breast cancer center at a large urban hospital and cross-sectional study	n=43; female, 30-85 years; postchemotherapy ± radiation; stage I-III	Static and dynamic balance	Force plates (Bertec Corporation model 4060NC)	CRFb independently and significantly impairs both static and dynamic balance individuals surviving cancer, leading to compensatory stabilization strategies and highlighting CRF's critical role in increased postural sway and fall risk even years after treatment.
006	(Artese et al) [31]	2021	Effect of functional impact training on body composition, bone mineral density, and strength in breast cancer survivors	Laboratory and randomized controlled trial	n=44; sedentary postmenopausal women, 52-68 years; stage 0-III; ≥3 months postchemotherapy/radiation.	Isokinetic concentric knee extension and flexion	Biodex Medical System 3 (Shirley)	Both groups demonstrated significant improvements over time in lower body strength, specifically in isokinetic knee extension and flexion at all tested speeds. However, after adjusting for baseline differences and time since diagnosis, there were no significant differences in posttraining knee strength measures between the two groups.
007	(Evans et al) [32]	2021	Examination of clinical and laboratory measures of static and dynamic balance in breast cancer survivors	In the Department of Rehabilitation Services at Alamance Regional Medical Center and a cross-sectional study	n=43 (20 breast cancer survivors + 23 controls); female, 40-70 years; stage 0-III; completed chemo/radiation ≤ 5 years	Static balance	SOTc was conducted using the NeuroCom SMART Balance Master (Natus Medical, Pleasanton)	NeuroCom SOT equilibrium assessments revealed that individuals surviving breast cancer generally maintained similar postural stability to the healthy control group. However, they showed significantly impaired balance in Conditions 2 and 3, which rely on proprioceptive and vestibular systems for maintaining balance.
008	(Uhm et al) [33]	2020	Usefulness of Kinect sensor-based reachable workspace system for assessing upper extremity dysfunction in breast cancer patients	Konkuk University Medical Center and a cross-sectional study	n=20; age 46-62 years; unilateral breast cancer; sex not specified	Upper extremity active range of motion	The Kinect sensor-based reachable workspace analysis system	The reachable workspace was divided into four shoulder-centered quadrants: upper medial (Q1), lower medial (Q2), upper lateral (Q3), and lower lateral (Q4). The analysis revealed that the upper quadrants (1 and 3) on the affected side had significantly smaller reachable workspace areas compared to the unaffected side, while the lower quadrants showed no differences.
009	(Ribeiro et al) [34]	2019	Three-dimensional scapular kinematics, shoulder outcome measures and quality of life following treatment for breast cancer - a case control study	An outpatient breast cancer surgery (part of a hospital) and case control study	n=42; female, 40-60 years; 21 presurgery vs 21 controls	Shoulder range of motion	Shoulder motion measured by a digital inclinometer	The breast cancer surgery group exhibited reduced range of motion compared to healthy controls.
010	(Monfort et al) [35]	2017	Gait, balance, and patient-reported outcomes during taxane-based chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer patients	An outpatient oncology clinic setting and longitudinal study	n=33; 32 female, 1 male; 36-59 years; Stage I-3	Static balance	Balance plate (Bertec Corp)	Cumulative exposure to taxane therapy was associated with notable declines in patients' balance, indicating a detrimental effect on their physical functionality.
011	(De Groef et al) [36]	2017	Effect of myofascial techniques for treatment of upper limb dysfunctions in breast cancer survivors: randomized controlled trial	Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the University Hospitals Leuven and randomized controlled trial	n=48; female, 38-70 years; primary breast cancer; 23 intervention vs 25 control	Active shoulder range of motion	Inclinometer	The study found no significant differences between the group receiving myofascial therapy combined with physical therapy and the group receiving physical therapy alone in terms of shoulder range of motion.
012	(De Groef et al) [37]	2016	Arm lymphoedema and upper limb impairments in sentinel node-negative breast cancer patients: a one-year follow-up study	Multidisciplinary Breast Centre of University Hospitals Leuven and longitudinal study	n=100; female, 50-70 y	Shoulder range of motion	Gravity inclinometer	One year after the sentinel lymph node biopsy, 30% of patients experienced reduced shoulder range of motion.
013	(Moreira et al) [38]	2015	A Kinect-based system for upper-body function assessment in breast cancer patients	Not specified and an observational study	n=48; female; 24 with lymphedema; age not reported	Upper-body joint range of motion includes shoulder, elbow, and wrist flexion/extension and shoulder abduction/adduction	Kinect-based system	The study validated a Kinect-based system for assessing upper-body function, demonstrating high accuracy in classifying normal vs. impaired function. The system, which uses kinematic data for machine learning classification, shows potential for remote monitoring and early detection of functional impairments during rehabilitation.
014	(Gritsenko et al) [39]	2015	Feasibility of using low-cost motion capture for automated screening of shoulder motion limitation after breast cancer surgery	Academic cancer center oncology clinic and descriptive study	n=20; women, 51-69 years; stage 0-III	Active and passive shoulder range of motion	Motion capture by Kinect	The study found that the low-cost Kinect motion capture system effectively identified moderate to severe shoulder motion impairments in individuals surviving breast cancer, with strong correlations to goniometric measurements for active movements.
015	(Winters-Stone et al) [40]	2011	Identifying factors associated with falls in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: a multi-disciplinary approach	Comprehensive cancer center and case-control plus prospective observation	n=59; female, 49-68 years; stage 0-III	Dynamic balance	The SOT, used in computerized dynamic posturography	Individuals surviving breast cancer had higher fall rates due to vestibular balance deficits from chemotherapy, particularly affecting dynamic balance, while static balance remained similar between fallers and non-fallers.
016	(Harrington et al) [41]	2011	Comparison of shoulder flexibility, strength, and function between breast cancer survivors and healthy participants	The Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and case-control study	n=48; female, 40-60 years; stage 0-III	Active and passive shoulder range of motion	Digital inclinometer	The study found that breast cancer survivors had reduced shoulder range of motion compared to healthy controls, particularly in flexion and external rotation.
017	(Waltman et al) [42]	2003	Testing an intervention for preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors	In participants’ homes or at convenient sites and pilot intervention study	n=21; female, 40-65 years; stage I-II	Muscle strength of the knee, hip, and wrist (flexion and extension)	Biodex System 2 multijoint testing	The study found significant improvements in muscle strength for hip flexion, hip extension, and knee flexion over 12 months.

^aLD: latissimus dorsi.

^bCRF: cancer-related fatigue.

^cSOT: Sensory Organization Test.