Table 2.

Outcome measures of the SE and CT groups at baseline (T0), post-intervention (T1), and within-group differences (T1−T0)

Outcome measures	SE group (n = 30)			CT group (n = 30)
	T0	T1	T1−T0 (Δ)	T0	T1	T1−T0 (Δ)
Clinical assessments
FAC	3.13 ± 0.73	4.02 ± 0.72	0.77 ± 0.46*	3.20 ± 0.71	3.57 ± 0.68	0.38 ± 0.16*
FMA-LE	21.87 ± 2.10	26.47 ± 3.34	4.60 ± 2.88*	21.83 ± 2.42	24.23 ± 2.31	2.40 ± 2.09*
BBS	39.70 ± 4.56	44.37 ± 5.06	4.67 ± 3.10*	39.43 ± 4.58	42.30 ± 4.68	2.87 ± 2.86*
Gait parameters
Walking speed (m/s)	0.43 ± 0.12	0.60 ± 0.07	0.17 ± 0.08*	0.43 ± 0.12	0.53 ± 0.16	0.10 ± 0.14*
Step cadence (steps/min)	70.60 ± 9.14	75.33 ± 8.87	4.73 ± 7.09*	70.73 ± 5.44	74.27 ± 7.57	3.53 ± 5.07*
Spatiotemporal parameters
Step length (m)
Affected side	0.38 ± 0.12	0.58 ± 0.14	0.20 ± 0.13*	0.37 ± 0.10	0.47 ± 0.14	0.10 ± 0.14*
Less-affected side	0.62 ± 0.14	0.68 ± 0.16	0.05 ± 0.08*	0.63 ± 0.11	0.68 ± 0.12	0.05 ± 0.12*
Swing time (s)
Affected side	0.91 ± 0.20	0.73 ± 0.15	− 0.18 ± 0.12*	0.91 ± 0.17	0.79 ± 0.14	− 0.12 ± 0.11*
Less-affected side	0.55 ± 0.10	0.52 ± 0.07	− 0.03 ± 0.06*	0.56 ± 0.09	0.54 ± 0.09	− 0.02 ± 0.08
Stance time (s)
Affected side	0.91 ± 0.20	0.87 ± 0.18	− 0.04 ± 0.12	0.90 ± 0.14	0.86 ± 0.11	− 0.04 ± 0.11
Less-affected side	0.91 ± 0.10	0.86 ± 0.10	− 0.05 ± 0.10*	0.92 ± 0.14	0.89 ± 0.12	− 0.02 ± 0.13
Gait symmetry ratios
TSR	1.71 ± 0.31	1.40 ± 0.16	− 0.31 ± 0.21*	1.67 ± 0.36	1.52 ± 0.25	− 0.15 ± 0.23*
SSR	1.76 ± 0.58	1.21 ± 0.18	− 0.55 ± 0.54*	1.84 ± 0.59	1.52 ± 0.35	− 0.32 ± 0.58*
Kinematic parameters
Max hip flexion (degree)
Affected side	26.10 ± 3.52	31.57 ± 7.60	5.47 ± 7.19*	26.78 ± 4.90	31.27 ± 5.20	4.49 ± 4.84*
Less-affected side	38.92 ± 4.52	39.05 ± 4.38	0.13 ± 2.89	38.72 ± 1.87	38.64 ± 3.61	− 0.08 ± 4.06
Max knee flexion (degree)
Affected side	38.04 ± 9.87	45.64 ± 10.06	7.60 ± 5.56*	38.11 ± 8.70	42.41 ± 8.47	4.29 ± 5.44*
Less-affected side	65.50 ± 2.63	61.32 ± 3.13	− 4.18 ± 3.83*	65.21 ± 2.55	62.75 ± 2.05	− 2.46 ± 3.07*
Max ankle dorsiflexion (degree)
Affected side	8.98 ± 2.31	11.82 ± 3.36	2.85 ± 3.19*	8.92 ± 1.48	9.68 ± 1.93	0.77 ± 1.43*
Less-affected side	16.16 ± 2.13	16.74 ± 2.74	0.57 ± 3.32	16.40 ± 2.78	16.27 ± 2.51	− 0.13 ± 2.28
Max ankle plantarflexion (degree)
Affected side	17.56 ± 2.73	19.79 ± 3.84	2.24 ± 4.56*	17.42 ± 4.12	19.00 ± 5.16	1.58 ± 3.00*
Less-affected side	21.73 ± 3.63	21.83 ± 4.29	0.10 ± 3.03	21.74 ± 4.00	19.10 ± 1.63	− 2.64 ± 4.12*

FMA-LE Fugl-Meyer Assessment for lower extremity, FAC functional ambulation category, BBS Berg balance scale, TSR temporal symmetry ratio, SSR spatial symmetry ratio

Significant within-group differences are marked with * (p < 0.05)