Table 2.
Public health actions in response to pathogen detection in wastewater.
| Included studies | N = 49 (%) |
|---|---|
| Reactive actions for disease control | 30 (61%) |
| Test notifications | 23 (47%) |
| Isolation or quarantine measures | 15 (31%) |
| Source tracing | 14 (29%) |
| Contact tracing | 11 (22%) |
| 15.6-2.2,-1.3242ptHygienic measures | 6 (12%) |
| Proactive actions for disease control | 30 (61%) |
| Evaluation or adaptation of intervention(s) | 15 (31%) |
| Vaccination campaign initiation, evaluation and/or (re)design | 14 (29%) |
| 15.6-2.2,-1.3242ptBehavioural interventions | 4 (8%) |
| Public health communication and engagement | 19 (39%) |
| Public health messaging, promotion or education | 19 (39%) |
| 15.6-2.2,-1.3242pt(Increased) community engagement | 3 (6%) |
| Surveillance and monitoring | 15 (31%) |
| Enrichment of epidemiological data | 6 (12%) |
| Implementation of WES* as early warning system | 4 (8%) |
| Expansion of WES | 3 (6%) |
| (Improved) surveillance of (emerging) pathogen(s) | 2 (4%) |
| 15.6-2.2,-1.3242ptIncorporation of WES in regular surveillance | 1 (2%) |
| Policy and collaboration | 9 (18%) |
| Initiation or expanded collaboration with external (public health) partners | 5 (10%) |
| Resource allocation | 4 (8%) |
| Public health policy development | 2 (4%) |
| Protect healthcare staff high at risk of severe disease | 1 (2%) |
Domain counts represent the number of studies reporting at least one action within the domain; action counts represent the total number of times each specific action was reported across all included studies.
*WES, wastewater and environmental surveillance.