Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2026 Jan 15;12:e80097. doi: 10.2196/80097

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

©Darunee Sripadungkul, Suhattaya Boonmak, Monsicha Somjit, Narin Plailaharn, Wimonrat Sriraj, Polpun Boonmak. Originally published in JMIR Medical Education (https://mededu.jmir.org), 15.01.2026.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Medical Education, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://mededu.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

PMC Copyright notice

The web-based virtual environment ran on the Spatial platform: (A) A classroom. Students learned modules 1 to 7 in this classroom, organized into 4 teams of 5 to 6 students each, supervised by 1 instructor. (B) A classroom. Students navigated the environment using keyboard-controlled avatars and collaborated in real time via built-in voice and text chat. Students moved to the operating room by clicking the button (*). (C) An operating room. Students learned modules 8 and 9 in this room, including how to read anesthetic record data. Each group also discussed 4 case studies for team-based learning. (D) An operating room. After finishing the questions, students moved to the common room by clicking the button (*). (E) A common room. Students in each group asked clarifying questions in this room, after which the instructor conducted a debriefing for module 10. If students wanted to review the material again or go to an operating room or a classroom, they could return by clicking the button (*). (F) A common room. A simulated operating room had been created to allow students to learn in a realistic virtual environment before entering the actual operating room. If students had extra time while waiting for their classmates, they could explore this room. Various games were also available to help train their minds.