Skip to main content
. 2026 Jan 15;12:e80097. doi: 10.2196/80097

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics by group in a cluster-randomized trial of a face-to-face (F2F) group versus a web-based virtual environment (WBVE) group for team-based learning among fifth-year medical students (N=78).


F2F group (n=38) WBVE group (n=40)
Male, n (%) 25 (66) 21 (52)
Age (y), mean (SD) 22.5 (0.6) 22.5 (0.7)
Grade point average (0-4), mean (SD) 3.50 (0.34) 3.44 (0.33)
Experience with WBVEs, n (%)

Frequency


No 19 (50) 26 (65)


Sometimes 18 (47) 14 (35)


Frequently 1 (3) 0 (0)

Proficiency


Novice 24 (63) 27 (67)


Beginner 10 (26) 7 (17)


Intermediate 4 (11) 5 (13)


Advanced 0 (0) 1 (3)


Expert 0 (0) 0 (0)

Comfort level


Discomfort 0 (0) 2 (5)


Neutral 27 (71) 27 (67)


Comfort 11 (29) 11 (28)