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. 2026 Jan 17;10:100162. doi: 10.1016/j.hpopen.2026.100162

Table 2.

Sample characteristics by survey year. ISA-Capital 2003–2015, São Paulo city, Brazil.

Variables Categories 2003 (N = 1930) 2008 (N = 2367) 2015 (N = 3069) 20032015 (N = 7366) P
Sex (1 = female) 51.88 [48.89,54.86] 52.85 [50.64,55.05] 52.27 [50.34,54.19] 52.35 [51.00,53.69]
Age A (years) 34[27] 36[26] 38[26] 36[27] *
Skin color/ethnicity (1 = white) 67.13 [63.01,71] 61.91 [56.86,66.71] 50.68 [47.01,54.34] 59.30 [56.77,61.79] *
Marital status (1 = accompanied) 48.41 [45.38,51.45] 50.84 [47.89,53.78] 53.77 [51.40,56.12] 51.20 [49.58,52.82] *
Education A (years) 10[7] 12[5] 12[6] 11[5] *
Occupational status (1 = employed) 58.35 [54.78,61.83] 63.43 [60.68,66.10] 63.58 [61.22,65.88] 61.99 [60.30,63.65]
Income per capita A ($PPP) 429.57 [701.55] 537.38 [685.97] 555.52 [658.26] 509.99 [689.42]
Health insurance (1 = yes) 39.09 [34.85,43.50] 36.75 [31.69,42.13] 32.84 [29.37,36.50] 36.00 [33.48,38.60] *
Leisure-time physical activity (1 = yes) 23.88 [20.80,27.26] 23.80 [21.86,25.85] 22.20 [20.20,24.34] 23.23 [21.87,24.66]
Time spent in sitting position (ref. = lower tertile) (1 = middle tertile) 28.8 [24.75,33.22] 33.54 [30.66,36.55] 31.29 [29.37,33.27] 31.32 [29.61,33.08]
(1 = upper tertile) 33.57 [29.45,37.96] 31.28 [27.27,35.58] 32.04 [29.49,34.69] 32.23 [30.16,34.38]
Obesity (1 = yes) 10.04 [7.95,12.59] 12.68 [11.01,14.55] 19.81 [18.18,21.53] 14.53 [13.45,15.68] *
Tobacco use (1 = yes) 34.90 [32.06,37.86] 35.37 [32.54,38.3] 29.99 [27.91,32.17] 33.25 [31.76,34.78] *
Hypertension (1 = yes) 13.18 [11.15,15.51] 18.34 [16.58,20.23] 20.41 [18.80,22.11] 17.58 [16.52,18.70] *
Diabetes (1 = yes) 3.71 [2.82,4.86] 5.35 [4.48,6.36] 6.94 [6.02,7.97] 5.45 [4.91,6.04] *
Cardiovascular diseases (1 = yes) 2.94 [2.02,4.24] 4.60 [3.67,5.72] 8.22 [7.06,9.52] 5.44 [4.81,6.14] *
Hospitalization
Public sector (1 = yes) 3.67 [2.92,4.61] 3.59 [2.91,4.42] 4.62 [3.93,5.42] 4.04 [3.61,4.52] *
Private sector (1 = yes) 3.62 [2.87,4.56] 3.54 [2.87,4.37] 3.51 [2.92,4.23] 3.55 [3.15,4.01]
Hospitalization costs A
Public sector ($PPP) 702.17 [1190.84] 632.08 [759.38] 702.06 [716.73] 697.71 [885.36]
Private sector ($PPP) 1919.42 [1724.00] 2085.73 [2299.49] 2039.12 [1719.43] 1946.94 [2090.69]

Data is presented in weighted frequency and 95 % confidence interval in brackets. P-values obtained from the chi-squared test for evolution through survey years (2003–2015). A Data presented in weighted medians and interquartile range in brackets. P-values obtained from simple quantile regression for survey years. Statistical significance: * = p < 0.05.