Fig. 3.

Impact of BExos@GelMA/HAMA hydrogel in vitro. (A) Synthesis flowchart of BExos@GelMA/HAMA hydrogel composite. (B) NTA showed size distribution of BMSC-derived exosomes. (C) Upper: Distribution of exosomes under TEM. Scale bars:100 nm. Down: 3D immunofluorescence staining of exosomes. Scale bars: 200 nm, 50 nm. (D) Western blot of specific exosomes markers CD81, TSG101, CD9, CD63, GM130, CRT. (E) S100β and SOX10 upregulation in hydrogel group. (F) Fluorescence micrographs showed spatiotemporal dynamics of exosome-mediated endocytosis on composite hydrogels. Scale bars: 50 μm. (G) Calcein-AM/PI staining showed enhanced cell viability in composite hydrogels. Scale bars: 50 μm. (n = 5, G1: Control. G2: BExos. G3: GelMA/HAMA. G4: BExos@GelMA/HAMA. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001.)