Fig. 8.

In vitro evaluation of immunomodulatory effects in composite hydrogel systems involving Nnat. (A) Top: Schematic representation of in vitro inflammatory model; Bottom: Morphological changes in macrophages observed via light microscopy. Scale bars: 100 μm. (B) Flow cytometric analysis of reactive oxygen species. (C) Phenotypic characterization of macrophage subtypes (M0/M1/M2) through surface marker detection. (D) Enhanced activation of NF-κB/P38 signaling pathways with elevated PI3K phosphorylation observed in Hydrogel + si-Nnat group versus hydrogel control. (E) Quantitative PCR analysis of gene expression. (F) Metabolic activity assessment through viability assays. (G) Apoptotic cell quantification. (H) TUNEL staining patterns across experimental groups. Scale bars: 50 μm. (I) Cytokine profile analysis using ELISA. (n = 5, ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001.)