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. 2026 Jan 6;37:102772. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102772

Fig. 11.

Fig. 11

Schematic diagram of nanomaterial design and specific mechanisms for SDT in RA treatment. (A) Spatiotemporal sonodynamic therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis based on Z-scheme heterostructure sonosensitizer of HO-1 inhibitor jointed bismuth nanotriangle. Reprinted from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (B) Macrophages-mediated delivery of protoporphyrin for sonodynamic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (C) Mutual-reinforcing sonodynamic therapy against Rheumatoid Arthritis based on sparfloxacin sonosensitizer doped concave-cubic rhodium nanozyme. Reprinted from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (D) Inflammatory microenvironment-responsive “double-insurance” nanoreactors for accurate sonodynamic-chemodynamic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (E) Multi-component Microcapsules Derived Spatiotemporal Sonodynamic Reinforcing Therapy against Rheumatoid Arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2024, Science Partner Journal.