Fig. 19.

Schematic diagram of nanomaterial design and specific mechanisms for combined therapy in RA treatment. (A) Synergistic chemotherapy/PTT/oxygen enrichment by multifunctional liposomal polydopamine nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Reprinted from Ref. [61]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (B) Endogenous Melanin and Hydrogen-Based Specific Activated Theranostics Nanoagents: A Novel Multi-Treatment Paradigm for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2024, John Wiley and Sons. (C) Hyaluronic acid modified prussian blue analogs/TiO₂ janus nanostructures through efficient charge separation to enhance photocatalytic-driven dual gas for achieve multimodal treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [63]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (D) Photogenerated electrons from CeO₂ via upconversion of excitons to conduction band enhanced photocatalysis for Photo-Therapy of Rheumatoid arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [64]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)