Fig. 4.

Schematic diagram of BP and other functional nanomaterials for PTT in RA treatment. (A) PRP-chitosan thermoresponsive hydrogel combined with black phosphorus nanosheets as injectable biomaterial for biotherapy and phototherapy treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [12]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (B) The combination of hydrogels and rutin-loaded black phosphorus nanosheets treats rheumatoid arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [13]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (C) A Smart Nanoreactor Based on an O₂-Economized Dual Energy Inhibition Strategy Armed with Dual Multi-stimuli-Responsive "Doorkeepers" for Enhanced CDT/PTT of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (D) Chemo-photothermal therapeutic effect of chitosan-gelatin hydrogels containing methotrexate and melanin on a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model. Reprinted from Ref. [15]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (E) Macrophage and mitochondria targeted nanoplatform to deplete and polarize M1-like macrophages for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Reprinted from Ref. [16]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.