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. 2026 Jan 6;37:102772. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102772

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Schematic diagram of nanomaterial design and specific mechanisms for PDT in RA treatment. (A) Folate receptor-targeting semiconducting polymer dots hybrid mesoporous silica nanoparticles against rheumatoid arthritis through synergistic photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and chemotherapy. Reprinted from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (B) A Multifunctional Nano-Delivery System Against Rheumatoid Arthritis by Combined Phototherapy, Hypoxia-Activated Chemotherapy, and RNA Interference. Reprinted from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2022, Dove Medical Press. (C) Photoresponsive metal-organic framework with combined photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy for the targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [19]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (D) A novel treatment modality for rheumatoid arthritis: Inflammation-targeted multifunctional metal-organic frameworks with synergistic phototherapy and chemotherapy. Reprinted from Ref. [20]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (E) A Less-is-More Strategy for Mitochondria-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis Reprinted from Ref. [21]. Copyright 2024, John Wiley and Sons. (F) Folate-guided AIE nanoparticles integrate macrophage-targeted fluorescence imaging and photodynamic immunomodulation in rheumatoid arthritis. Reprinted from Ref. [23]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier.