Fig. 6.

Schematic diagram of nanomaterial design and specific mechanisms for combination of PTT and PDT in RA treatment. (A) A New Treatment Modality for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Using Cu_7.2S₄ Nanoparticles. Reprinted from Ref. [24]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (B) Microenvironment Responsive Hydrogel Exerting Inhibition of Cascade Immune Activation and Elimination of Synovial Fibroblasts for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy. Reprinted from Ref. [26]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (C) Oxygen Supplementation Liposomes for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment via Synergistic Phototherapy and Repolarization of M1-to-M2 Macrophages. Reprinted from Ref. [27]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (D) Dual Targeting Biomimetic Carrier‐Free Nanosystems for Photo‐Chemotherapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis via Macrophage Apoptosis and Re‐Polarization. Reprinted from Ref. [28]. Copyright 2025, John Wiley and Sons.