Table 3.
Proportion of non-susceptibility in S. pneumoniae samples from nasopharyngeal carriage (1996–2014).
| Antibiotics | Non-susceptible proportion (95% CI) | No. of included studies | Total no. of samples tested | No. of non-susceptible samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-Lactam antibiotics: Penicillins | ||||
| Amoxicillin | 22% (13%, 30%) | 1 | 93 | 20 |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 6% (0%, 16%) | 2 | 197 | 13 |
| Penicillin (Oral) | 64% (47%, 80%) | 8 | 1964 | 1229 |
| Macrolides | ||||
| Azithromycin | 91% (86%, 97%) | 1 | 93 | 85 |
| Clarithromycin | 90% (84%, 96%) | 1 | 93 | 84 |
| Erythromycin | 70% (54%, 85%) | 7 | 1818 | 1217 |
| β-Lactam antibiotics: Cephalosporins | ||||
| 2nd Gen: Cefaclor | 95% (90%, 99%) | 1 | 93 | 88 |
| 3rd Gen: Cefotaxime (meningitis) | 41% (16%, 66%) | 3 | 418 | 186 |
| 3rd Gen: Cefotaxime (non-meningitis) | 22% (0%, 54%) | 2 | 514 | 59 |
| 3rd Gen: Ceftriaxone (meningitis) | 12% (6%, 19%) | 3 | 1063 | 116 |
| 3rd Gen: Cefuroxime (Oral) | 52% (45%, 59%) | 2 | 197 | 103 |
| 4th Gen: Cefepime (meningitis) | 73% (64%, 82%) | 1 | 93 | 68 |
| 4th Gen: Cefepime (non-meningitis) | 33% (24%, 43%) | 1 | 93 | 31 |
| β-Lactam antibiotics: Carbapenems | ||||
| Imipenem | 63% (36%, 90%) | 2 | 197 | 122 |
| Meropenem | 75% (67%, 84%) | 1 | 93 | 70 |
| Quinolone antibiotics: Fluoroquinolones | ||||
| Ciprofloxacin | 98% (96%, 100%) | 3 | 704 | 686 |
| Moxifloxacin | 1% (0%, 3%) | 1 | 221 | 3 |
| Ofloxacin | 48% (38%, 59%) | 1 | 93 | 45 |
| Others | ||||
| Chloramphenicol | 44% (34%, 54%) | 5 | 786 | 334 |
| Clindamycin | 86% (79%, 93%) | 1 | 93 | 80 |
| Gentamicin | 98% (95%, 100%) | 1 | 62 | 61 |
| Rifampicin | 0% (0%, 2%) | 1 | 93 | 0 |
| Tetracycline | 84% (76%, 92%) | 6 | 1300 | 1048 |
| Sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim | 70% (54%, 85%) | 6 | 1164 | 867 |
| Vancomycin | 1% (0%, 3%) | 3 | 376 | 6 |
Note: The 95% confidence interval lower bound was truncated at 0% and the upper bound at 100%.