Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies: TMS variables.
| Included studies | rTMS site | rTMS frequency (Hz) | No. of pulse *session |
Intensity,% | On/off (evaluation) | Session | Outcomes | Post-evaluation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benninger et al (2011) | M1&DLPFC | iTBS (50) | 3*8 | 80 %AMT | On & Off | 8 | Gait; UPDRS-III; Bradykinesia; BDI | 15 days; 45 days |
| Benninger et al (2012) | M1 | 50 | UK | 80 %AMT | On & Off | 8 | Gait; UPDRS-III; FOG-Q; Bradykinesia; BDI | 15 days; 45 days |
| Brusa et al (2006) | SMA | 1 | UK | 90 % RMT | On | 5 | UPDRS-III | 15 days; 30 days; 45 days; 60 days |
| Chang et al (2016) | M1 | 10 | 1000*5 | 90 % RMT | On | 5 | TUG; UPDRS-III;; Turn time; FOG-Q | 5 days; 12 days |
| Chung et al (2020) | Bilateral M1 | 25 and 1 | 1000*12 | 80 % RMT | On | 12 | TUG; UPDRS-III | 1 day; Post1m; Post3m |
| Cohen et al (2018) | PFC&M1 | DTMS&10 | 900*24 | 80 % RMT | On | 24 | TUG; UPDRS-III; BDI | 90 days |
| Del Olmo et al (2007) | DLPFC | 10 | 450*10 | 90 % RMT | On | 10 | Gait; UPDRS-III | 1 day |
| Eggers et al (2015) | SMA | cTBS | UK | 90 % AMT | On & Off | 1 | UPDRS-III | UK |
| Filipović et al (2010) | M1 | 1 | 1800*4 | 90 % RMT | On & Off | 4 | UPDRS-III | 1 day |
| Flamez et al (2016) | M1 | 1 | 1000*10 | 90 % RMT | Off | 10 | UPDRS-III | 1 week; 2 weeks |
| Grobe-Einsler et al (2024) | M1 | 48 | UK | 50 % AMT | On | 10 | UPDRS-III; TUG | 5 days; 30 days |
| Hamada et al et al (2009) | SMA | 5 | 1000*8 | 110 % AMT | On | 8 | UPDRS-III | 12 weeks |
| Ji et al (2020) | left SMA | cTBS | 1000*14 | 80 % AMT | On | 14 | UPDRS-III; TUG | 1 week; 2 weeks |
| Khedr et al (2003) | M1 | 5 | 2000*10 | 120 % MT | On | 10 | UPDRS-III; Time of the 25-m walk |
10 days; Post1m |
| Khedr et al (2006) | M1 | 10 | 3000*6 | 100 % MT | Off | 6 | Time of the 25-m walk | 6 days |
| Khedr et al (2019) | M1 | 10 | 2000*10 | 90 % RMT | On | 10 | UPDRS III; Self-assessment scale | 10 days; Post1m; Post2m; Post3m |
| Khedr et al (2024) | M1 | 20 | 2000*10 | 80 % RMT | On | 10 | UPDRS-III; BDI; PDSS | 10 days |
| Kim et al (2015) | M1-LL | 10 | 1000*5 | 90 % RMT | On | 5 | FOG-Q; TUG; UPDRS-III | 5 days; 12 days |
| Koch et al (2005) | SMA | 5 & 1 | 900*1 | 90 % RMT | Off | 1 | UPDRS-III | UK |
| Lee et al (2014) | M1&SMA&DLPFC | 10 | 1000*1 | 120 % RMT | On | 1 | FOG-Q; TUG; UPDRS-III | 1 day |
| Li et al (2020) | M1 | 20 | 2000*5 | 80 % RMT | On | 5 | UPDRS-III | 1 week |
| Lomarev et al (2006) | M1&DLPFC | 25 | 300*8 | 100 % MT | On & Off | 8 | UPDRS-III | Post1m |
| Maruo et al (2013) | Bilateral M1 | 10 | 1000*3 | 100 % RMT | UK | 3 | UPDRS-III; the 10-m walking test | 3 days |
| Mi et al (2020) | SMA | 20 | 1000*10 | 90 % RMT | On | 10 | FOG-Q; UPDRS-III | 12 days; Post1m |
| Brys et al (2016) | DLPFC + M1&M1&DLPFC | 10 | 1000*10 | UK | On | 10 | UPDRS-III | Post1m |
| Romero et al (2024) | Bilateral M1 | 10 | 1000*10 | 80 % RMT | On | 10 | TUG; UPDRS-III | 14 days; 16 days |
| Pal et al (2010) | left DLPFC | 5 | 600*10 | 90 % RMT | On | 10 | TUG; UPDRS-III; BDI; | 11 days; 41 days |
| Shimamoto et al (2001) | M1 | 0.2 | 60*8 | NK | On | 8 | UPDRS-III | Post1m; Post2m |
| Shin et al (2016) | left DLPFC | 5 | 600*10 | 90 % RMT | On | 10 | BDI | 2 weeks; 6 weeks |
| Shirota et al (2013) | SMA | 1&10 | 1000*8 | 100 % RMT | On | 8 | UPDRS-III; HAM-D | 9 weeks; 21 weeks |
| Song et al (2024) | Bilateral M1 | 10 | 1000*10 | 90 % RMT | On | 10 | FOG-Q; TUG; HAM-D; UPDRS-III; SS-180 turning steps | 10 days; 40 days |
| Spagnolo et al (2021) | M1; M1-PFC | DTMS&10 | 1000*10 | 100 % RMT | On | 12 | UPDRS-III | 11 days; 12 days; 40 days |
| Sun et al (2024) | SMA | cTBS | 1800*14 | 80 % RMT | Off | 14 | UPDRS-III; MoCA | 14 days |
| Wen et al (2022) | SMA | 10 | 1000*10 | 110 % RMT | Off | 10 | UPDRS-III | UK |
| Yang et al (2012) | M1 | 5 | 1000*12 | 100 %RMT | On | 12 | UPDRS-III; TUG | 4 weeks |
| Yokoe et al (2017) | EG1: M1 EG2: SMA EG3: DLPFC | 10 | 1000*3 | 100 %RMT | On | 3 | UPDRS-III; MoCA;Walk time | 3 days |
| Zhuang et al (2020) | DLPFC | 1 | 1200*10 | 110 % RMT | On | 10 | UPDRS-III; HRSD; NMSQ; MoCA | 10 days; Post1m; Post3m; Post6m |
| Makkos et al (2016) | M1 | 5 | 600*10 | 90 % RMT | On | 10 | UPDRS-III; MoCA; BDI; TUG | 11 days; 41 days |
| Ma et al (2019) | SMA | 10 | 1000*10 | 90 % RMT | Off | 10 | FOG-Q; UPDRS-III | 1 day; 5 days; 10 days; 24 days; 38 days |
| Arias et al (2010) | M1 | 1 | 600*10 | 90 % RMT | On & Off | 10 | Motor sections of the UPDRS | 10 days |
| Lench et al (2021) | SMA | 1 | 1200*10 | 110 % RMT | On & Off | 10 | FOG-Q; UPDRS-III | 10 days |
| W.He et al (2021) | Left DLPFC | iTBS | UK | 100 % RMT | UK | 10 | MoCA | 10 days; Post3m |
| Cheng et al (2022) | Left DLPFC | iTBS | 600*14 | UK | UK | 10 | MoCA | 15 days; Post3m |
| Lefaucheur et al (2004) | M1 | 0.5&10 | 2600 | 80 % RMT | On | 1 | UPDRS-III | 1 day |
| Siebner et al (2000) | M1 | 5 | 2250 | 90 % RMT | On | 1 | UPDRS-III | 1 day |
M1, primary motor cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; MT, motor threshold; Post1m, 1-month postintervention; Post3m, 3-month postintervention; Post6m, 6-month postintervention; UK, unknown; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; DTMS, repetitive deep transcranial magnetic stimulation; EG, experimental Croup; CG, control Croup; iTBS, intermittent theta burst stimulation; RMT, resting motor threshold; AMT, active motor threshold; HRSD, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; NMSQ, Nonmotor Symptom Questionnaire; FOG-Q, freezing of gait questionnaire; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TUG, time up and go; SMA, supplementary motor area; PFC, prefrontal cortex; UPDRS III, Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor score Part III.