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. 2026 Jan 20;5(2):102545. doi: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102545

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cumulative Incidence of Cardiac Events of Interest

Cumulative incidence of heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL), pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (PM/ICD) implantation, and of the composite outcome, including death as a competing risk, in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) (A-D) and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) (E-H) without previous history of these events and matched controls. (A) HF in LSS cohort, (B) AF/AFL in LSS cohort, (C) PM/ICD in LSS cohort; and (D) composite outcome (HF, AF/AFL, or PM/ICD) in LSS cohort. (E) HF in CTS cohort; (F) AF/AFL in CTS cohort, (G) PM/ICD in CTS cohort, and (H) composite outcome (HF, AF/AFL, or PM/ICD) in CTS cohort. CHF = congestive heart failure; csHR = cause-specific HR.