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. 2026 Jan 22;1267:77–117. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.160494

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Shu-Ping Wu, Yu-Fang Tsai, Ting-Yang Chien, Yi-Ting Chung, Ching-Jung Lai, Tsung-Hsien Hou, Chung-Chi Hwang

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 5. — Inferred phylogenetic relationships of the Lucanus kanoi species complex. The phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using the ML method based on a 1,598 bp concatenated dataset, comprising 507 bp of 16S rRNA, 644 bp of COI, and 447 bp of the nuclear Wnt gene. Sequences retrieved from GenBank are shown with voucher numbers and corresponding accession numbers (in black). Numbers above branches indicate fast-bootstrap support values above 70%. The substitution models applied were HKY+Γ+I for 16S and GTR+Γ+I for COI and Wnt. Outgroups include L. swinhoei, L. formosanus, and Neolucanus swinhoei. Abbreviations: L.: Lucanus; N.: Neolucanus; SY: Siangyang; RS: Ruisui; BL: Bilu Sacred Tree; BCT: Beichatianshan; TLS: Tielikushan; TPS: Taipingshan; YYL: Yuanyang Lake; SJ: Siji; SYYK: Sihyuanyakou; LLS: Lalashan; MF: Meifeng; LDS: Lidongshan; SG: Songgang; JD: Jyunda; BDW: Beidawushan.