Table 3.
Key traits of the Lucanus kanoi species complex reported in the literature.
| Species Characteristics | Lucanus kanoi kanoi | Lucanus piceus | Lucanus kanoi kavulunganus. subsp. nov. | Lucanus ogakii | Literature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 1. Kurosawa 1966 | ||||
| 2. Imanishi 1990 | |||||
| 3. Sakaino and Yu 1993 | |||||
| 4. Chang 2006 | |||||
| 5. Fujita 2010 | |||||
| 6. Huang and Chen 2010 | |||||
| 7. Huang 2016 | |||||
| 8. Chang 2024 | |||||
| 9. This study | |||||
| Clypeolabrum | Lateral ridges and frontal ridge not markedly protruding1. Longer and narrower, with labrum not clearly separated from clypeus at lateral sides6. Absence of lateral angles of the clypeus6 | Shorter and wider, with labrum clearly separated from clypeus at lateral sides by the clear marked lateral angles of clypeus6. Indistinct frontal ridge, and the flat and non-cupped vertex behind the frontal ridge of the head6 | Similar to L. kanoi but slightly smaller9 | Clypeus is broad, not projecting acutely at apex2. | |
| Coloration | Chocolate-brown1 | Body blackish, piceous1. Various colors, included blackish & piceous or reddish brown6 | Blackish to reddish-brown9 | Body entirely reddish-brown3. Reddish brown dorsal surface6 | |
| Elytron tint | Reddish-brown or blackish6 | Elytra more nitidous, more sparsely covered with finer smaller punctures1 | Blackish or reddish-brown, nitidous9 | Elytra are broad and rounded2. Elytra strongly tinged with red3. Black or brownish red elytra6 | |
| Elytron texture | Glabrous, inconspicuous hairs1. The more hairy and less shining dorsal surface of body6 | More shining, hair of elytra finer and more inconspicuous1. | Glossy9 | Glossy9 | |
| Mandible and Tooth | Shorter, more robust, more strongly arcuate. Apical teeth sharply and similarly furcate, sparse denticles with well-marked apical fork1. Basal tooth not closely associated with other teeth6 | The basal tooth of the mandible is situated approximately at the basal one-third to one-fourth of its length9 | Only one internal tooth in mandibles2 | ||
| General description: 1) mandible nearly straight or slightly incurved from base to middle and markedly incurved at middle or a little beyond middle; 2) basal tooth of the mandibles well separated from the neighboring tooth, not closely associated with other teeth; 3) basal tooth of the mandible usually closer to base; 4) clypeolabrum protruding well or at least with lateral angles of the clypeus clearly beyond the inner margin of the mandibles; 5) dorsal surface of the whole body with a markedly shorter and sparser pubescence6 | |||||
| Leg | Most individuals have dark, blackish to brown legs similar to the coloration of ventral side of the body, 21.6% individuals have a yellowish to dark orange plaque at the underside of femur9 | Most individuals have dark, blackish to brown legs similar to the coloration of ventral side of the body, approximately 13.2% individuals have a yellowish to dark orange plaque at the underside of femur9 | Most individuals have dark, blackish to brown legs similar to the coloration of ventral side of the body, 31.58% individuals have a yellowish to dark orange plaque at the underside of femur9 | Femora and tibiae are black2. Femora distinctly ornamented with yellowish brown stripes on the under surface3. Femora black or with yellowish brown strips6. Most individuals have dark, blackish to brown legs similar to the coloration of ventral side of the body, 1.22% individuals have a yellowish to dark orange plaque at the underside of femur9 | |
| Genitalia | 1) Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view stout; 2) apical duct / basal belt in flagellum 1.3-1.46 | 1) Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view stout; 2) apical duct / basal belt in flagellum 1.46 | 1) Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view stout; 2) apical duct / basal belt in flagellum 1.3-1.46 | 1) Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view slender; 2) apical duct / basal belt in flagellum 1.86 | |
| 1) ventral plate of the basal piece clearly marked and rather long, with middle part shallowly and well beyond caudal margin of the basal piece; 2) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment markedly constricted before the caudal expansion; 3) flagellum length similar, without significant difference; 4) apex of paramere in lateral view not hollowed6 | |||||
| Female | |||||
| General description | 1) inner tooth of the left mandible single-pointed; 2) mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark; 3) posterior margin of the canthus more or less marked; 4) punctures on the head larger and coarser6 | ||||
| Head | Anterior angles of the head usually indistinct6 | Anterior angles of the head usually sharp or distinct6 | Anterior angles of the head usually distinct9 | Anterior angles of the head usually sharp or distinct6 | |
| Mandible | With a distinct inferior tooth and a clear gap behind apex of mandible, the inner tooth without broad inner edge1 | ||||
| Canthus | Without a distinct anterior angle1 | ||||
| Pronotum | Anterior sides not strongly swollen, anterior angles sharp, rather broadly round, not angulate at the posterior third of the widest part1. Posterior angles not strongly angulate, rather rounded1. Pronotum not wider at anterior 1/3 and evenly rounded here6 | Pronotum not wider at anterior 1/3 and evenly rounded here6 | At the anterior third, the pronotum does not expand laterally and maintains an evenly curved contour 9. The posterior angles of the pronotum are not sharply angulate, but rather broadly rounded9. The pronotum is not noticeably widened at the anterior third and is evenly rounded in this region9 | Pronotum often wider at anterior 1/3 and somewhat angled here6 | |
| Metasternum | Metasternum with a shorter pubescence6 | Metasternum with a shorter pubescence6 | Metasternum with a shorter pubescence9 | Metasternum sometimes with a longer pubescence6 | |
| Leg | Entirely black1 | Black4,6,7,8,9 | Black9 | Black4,6,7,8,9 | |
| Genitalia | General description. L. kanoi, L. piceus and L. ogakii have no obvious difference in female genitalia6. 1) spermathecal duct nearly 2.5 times as long as spermatheca; 2) spermathecal duct 1.5 times as long as hemisternite; 3) spermatheca nearly 0.5-0.7 times as long as hemisternite; 4) spermatheca sclerotized; 5) spermathecal duct weakly sclerotized; 6) spermathecal gland markedly wider than spermathecal; 7) spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca; 8) central conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly or markedly protruding posteriorly; 9) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles indistinct; 10) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle6 | ||||
| Body length max.-min. (mm) | M: 30-57 F: 24.58-43.97 | M: 28.15-57 F: 28.27-43.94 | M: 28.07-46.799 F: 39.09-37.179 | M: 24.53-45.72 F: 23.93-38.99 | Literature records and this study |
| Body length range (mm) | M: 30.30-52.86 F: 24.58-43.97 | M: 28.15-51.05 F: 29.00-39.95 | M: 28.07-46.79 F: 39.09-37.17 | M: 25.04-42.53 F: 23.93-38.99 | This study |
| Body length average (mm) | M: 39.92 ± 4.77 (n = 359) F: 32.39 ± 3.93 (n = 48) | M: 38.17 ± 4.48 (n = 228)F: 33.82 ± 3.27 (n = 33) | M: 36.22 ± 3.69 (n = 38) F: 34.53 ± 2.44 (n = 7) | M: 33.39 ± 3.34 (n = 254) F: 30.82 ± 3.48 (n = 41) |