Table 2. Summary of PNA delivery via polymeric nanoparticles: PNA types, polymer compositions, nanostructure characteristics, delivery efficiency, cytotoxicity, and therapeutic outcomes.

Entry	PNA backbone	Components used to promote nanoassembly	Nanostructure	Tested in vivo/in vitro	Delivery efficiency	Cytotoxicity	Therapeutic effects
1 [ref. 84]				In vitro cell assays	99.1% cell uptake	96–98% cell viability	Deliver PNAs to primary CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cells
2 [ref. 87]				In vitro cell assays	Confocal live-cell images confirm cell uptake	No observed toxicity	Block chemokine receptor 5 mRNA expression
3 [ref. 88]				In vitro and in vivo mouse model	3-fold higher cell uptake with surface modification	No observed toxicity	Block micro-mRNA-155 expression and reduce tumor growth
4 [ref. 89]				In vivo mouse model	Confocal live-cell images confirm cell uptake	No observed toxicity	Block micro-mRNA-155 expression and reduce tumor growth
5 [ref. 8]				In vivo mouse model	Immune fluorescence microscopy confirms delivery into the cell nucleus	No observed toxicity	Editing of the mutated β-globin gene in hematopoietic stem cells
6 [ref. 9 and 92]				In vivo mouse model	Confocal images of fetuses confirm in utero delivery after intra-amniotic administration	No observed toxicity	In utero editing of the mutated β-globin gene
7 [ref. 100]				In vitro cell assays	Gal8 recruitment assay shows live-cell endosome-disruptive activity	50%–90% cell viability	Inhibit miRNA-122 expression
8 [ref. 102]				In vitro cell assays	82% cell uptake	∼100% cell viability	Inhibit miRNA-155 expression and induce cell apoptosis