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. 2026 Jan 16;16:1695769. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1695769

Table 8.

Multiple ordinal logistic regression analysis for factors associated with patient–doctor relationship levels.

Item Multivariable analysis
Adjusted OR 95% CI p-value
Age (years)
 18–25 Ref
 26–35 0.54 0.18–1.6 0.269
 36–45 0.53 0.13–2.13 0.372
 46–55 0.53 0.12–2.35 0.406
 56–65 0.3 0.05–1.7 0.174
 > 65 0.33 0.05–2.14 0.243
Gender
 Men Ref
 Women 1.13 0.55–2.32 0.742
Marital status
 Single Ref
 Married 1.14 0.39–3.38 0.809
 Divorced/Separated 1.79 0.48–6.74 0.389
 Widow 1.27 0.25–6.56 0.773
Living condition
 Alone Ref
 Living with someone 0.99 0.22–4.45 0.992
Education level
 Uneducated Ref
 High school or below 0.67 0.19–2.3 0.521
 Bachelor’s degree 0.3 0.08–1.13 0.075
 Master’s or PhD 0.21 0.04–1.05 0.058
Employment status
 Unemployed Ref
 Employed 1.92 0.87–4.23 0.108
 Retired 1.69 0.56–5.1 0.354
Mood disorder
 Depressive Ref
 Bipolar 0.72 0.34–1.54 0.395
Duration of illness (years)
 < 1 Ref
 1–5 0.51 0.11–2.46 0.405
 6–10 0.21 0.04–1.09 0.063
 > 10 0.57 0.12–2.74 0.479
Number of psychiatric ward admissions 1.01 0.71–1.45 0.944
Positive history of using illegal substances/drugs 0.49 0.16–1.48 0.204
Number of regular medications taken for your mental health 0.81 0.56–1.17 0.266
Positive history of buying your own psychiatric medication
 Always Ref
 Sometimes 2.96 1.18–7.44 0.021
 Never 5.04 1.81–14.06 0.002
Feeling shame about taking psychiatric medication 0.52 0.26–1.06 0.072
Support from family and friends regarding mental illness
 I feel very supported. Ref
 I feel supported to some extent. 0.37 0.19–0.7 0.002
 I don’t feel supported. 0.34 0.14–0.85 0.021
Positive history of chronic diseases 1.09 0.58–2.03 0.797
Positive history of using alternative methods to treat your mental illness 2.23 1.21–4.11 0.01

Statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. Nagelkerke R square = 0.249.

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.