Fig. 7.

BMP6 signaling enhancement compensates for shallow trophoblast invasion in PE. An examination of clinical samples from PE patients and their gestational age-matched controls revealed that BMP6 was upregulated in preeclamptic placentas. BMP6 enhances trophoblast invasion via ID1-mediated upregulation of SERPINE2 and PlGF. Moreover, BMP6 also intensifies trophoblast vascular mimicry through the ID1-mediated upregulation of PlGF. Both canonical (p-SMAD1/5/9) and noncanonical (p-SMAD2/3) pathways participate in BMP6-induced ID1 expression. Our findings indicate that the increase in BMP6 signaling during late gestation could serve as a compensatory response to shallow trophoblast invasion in PE, which in light of BMP6 and its downstream targets could serve as diagnostic markers and therapeutic target applications in the clinical management of PE. This schematic diagram was created with Biorender.com