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. 2026 Jan 6;16:4185. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-34239-1

Table 2.

Maize yield estimation at vegetative stage by different model during Kharif 2020 and 2021.

Model Model equation Model performance during calibration Model performance during validation Estimated yield (kg/ha) Observed yield (kg/ha) Percentage deviation (%)
R 2 RMSE nRMSE RMSE nRMSE 2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
SMLR y = 143.6 + 141.97*time + 5.16*Z571 + 2.1*Z461 0.93 258.5 16.83 703.5 21.05 4734.5 4682.9 3666.5 3780.3 29.13 23.88
PCA-SMLR y=-206.82 + 134.55*time + 329.5* PC4 -210.3*PC5 0.90 313.9 20.44 579.2 17.33 4644.4 4650.5 3666.5 3780.3 26.67 23.02
LASSO y=-669.2 + 123.85*time + 12.95* Z11 + 0.14*Z231 + 0.27*Z461 + 1.3*Z471 + 1.5*Z561 + 1.7*Z571 0.94 259.7 16.91 392.2 11.74 4085.6 4263.9 3666.5 3780.3 11.43 12.79
Elastic Net y = 310.6 + 95.5*time + 0.4*Z31 + 0.02*Z351 + 0.47 *Z361 + 0.5*Z461 + 1.06*Z471 + 0.76*Z561 0.95 256.5 16.70 344.9 10.32 3990.2 4082.8 3666.5 3780.3 8.83 8.00