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. 2026 Jan 30;16:4340. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-33325-8

Table 4.

Summary of RR measurement algorithm performance across different demographic sub-group.

Demographic variables Reference datapoints Measured datapoints MAE DR (%)
RR (BrPM) 5–15 14,360 13,235 1.54 92.17
15–25 50,271 46,872 1.21 93.24
25–35 3536 3065 1.65 86.68
35–45 126 121 1.58 96.03
> 45 49 48 1.31 97.96
Age (years) 18–24 13,825 13,075 1.27 94.58
24–30 17,614 16,645 1.23 94.5
30–36 11,336 10,928 1.12 96.4
36–42 6893 5828 1.54 84.55
42–48 3751 3247 1.37 86.56
>=48 14,830 13,539 1.4 91.29
Gender Female 29,667 27,300 1.22 92.02
Male 38,675 36,041 1.34 93.19

BMI

(kg/m²)

< 18.5 4765 4612 1.16 96.79
18.5–24.9 35,690 32,665 1.26 91.52
25–45 27,794 25,985 1.35 93.49
Race/ethnicity Asian-American 1122 1046 1.47 93.23
Black/ African American 378 348 1.44 92.06
Indian 62,200 57,612 1.24 92.62
Mixed 241 230 1.81 95.44
White/Caucasian/unknown 4401 4105 1.92 93.27
Study subjects Healthy Volunteers 42,413 40,214 1.21 94.82
ICU Subjects 7071 6518 1.09 92.18
Sleep Apnea Subjects 2977 2846 1.15 95.6
Ward Patients 15,881 13,763 1.66 86.66
Comorbidities Hypertension 5788 4759 1.36 82.22
Diabetes 5677 4781 1.95 84.22
Cardiovascular Disease 2723 2314 2.14 84.98
Obesity 2655 2262 2.04 85.2
COPD 1713 1342 1.33 78.34
Apnea 2959 2834 1.13 95.78
Hypothyroidism 1234 1066 1.24 86.39
Hyperthyroidism 1769 1455 1.37 82.25
Trauma 1372 1352 0.75 98.54
Hemorrhage 1194 1145 0.86 95.9
Others 4296 3737 1.35 86.99
No Comorbidities reported 50,214 47,285 1.25 94.17