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. 2026 Jan 20;16:1699943. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1699943

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Copyright © 2026 Lian, Gjesdal, Fletcher and Jordet.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart comparing tactical, positive, and negative non-verbal behavior per minute between captains and non-captains. Captains: Tactical 2.42, Positive 0.29, Negative 0.35. Non-captains: Tactical 2.00, Positive 0.20, Negative 0.37. Captains are shown in dark gray and non-captains in light gray. — Mean descriptives of tactical, positive and negative NVB between captains (n = 19) and non-captains (n = 120). The MANOVA revealed no significant differences between the means.