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. 2026 Jan 20;16:1699943. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1699943

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Copyright © 2026 Lian, Gjesdal, Fletcher and Jordet.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar charts depicting tactical, positive, and negative NVB per minute across four roles: center back, central midfielder, wide attacker, and striker. Tactical NVB is highest for center backs at 3.05. Positive NVB is highest for center backs at 0.34. Negative NVB is highest for strikers at 0.42. — Mean scores of NVB/min (tactical, positive and negative) based on position. For tactical NVB: Significant differences were found between center backs and wide attackers [mean difference = 1.36, 95% CI (0.40–2.31), p = 0.028], and between center backs and strikers [mean difference = 1.26, 95% CI (0.31–2.21), p = 0.033]. For positive and negative NVB: No significant differences were found between positions.