Table 1.

Categorization of the NVBs with examples.

NVB Type	NVB sub-category	Examples
Tactical NVB	Asking for ball	Waving one’s arms to indicate that one is free to receive the ball. Pointing to a specific place where the player wants to have the ball passed to.
	Directing teammates	Pointing to or waving one’s hand to where a teammate should position themselves (offensively or defensively). Gesturing what a teammate could have done in a previous situation.
	Confirming message	Arms out slightly to the side with palm of hand facing down to the ground. Showing a thumbs up. Both are examples that the player has received their teammates message.
	Influencing referee	Raising one arm to signal that the ball is out of play or indicate that an opponent is offsides. Putting one’s finger up and waving it from side to side to indicate that the opponent should not get a free kick. Raising one’s arms to signal to the referee that the opposing team’s goalie has used too much time for their goal kick.
Emotional NVB	Positive	Clapping after someone misses a shot. Showing a thumbs-up to a teammate for good effort. Patting a teammate on the back. Initiating a high-five. Waving one’s arms, clapping hard, or hitting one fist into the palm of the other hand to indicate that their team needs to put in more effort or maintain their current level of effort.
	Guilt/Apology	Raising one’s hand and arm up after the player has made a mistake, signaling an apology to a teammate
	Negative	Throwing one’s arms up to indicate frustration at not getting the ball. Putting the arms out, palms facing up, showing frustration/ disappoint/anger at the referee’s decision. Pointing angrily towards an opponent after being tackled.

The coding of the NVBs is highly dependent on the context of the game, and should be done in motion, not by still photographs. In cases where a coder is uncertain of a behavior indicating negative NVB or tactical influencing the referee, the tactical influencing the referee triumphs. In cases where a coder is uncertain of a thumbs up being positive emotional NVB or confirming message, positive NVB triumphed.