Table 1.
Baseline, intraoperative and postoperative characteristics by AKI (N = 10,859)
| AKI (N = 301) | non-AKI (N = 10,558) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 72 [67, 78] | 69 [65, 75] | 2 [1, 3] | < 0.001 |
| Age group | < 0.001 | |||
| 60–69 yr | 115 (38.2) | 5341 (50.6) | Reference | |
| 70–79 yr | 130 (43.2) | 4022 (38.1) | 0.67 [0.52, 0.86] | |
| 80–89 yr | 51 (16.9) | 1039 (9.8) | 0.44 [0.31, 0.61] | |
| 90 + yr | 5 (1.7) | 156 (1.5) | 0.67 [0.27, 1.67] | |
| Female | 110 (36.5) | 5259 (49.8) | 1.72 [1.35, 2.21] | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg m− 2 | 23.4 [21.5, 26.1] | 23.3 [21.0, 25.4] | 0.46 [0, 0.92] | 0.05 |
| ASA classification | < 0.001 | |||
| I | 4 (1.3) | 360 (3.4) | Reference | |
| II | 188 (62.5) | 8339 (79) | 0.49 [0.18, 1.33] | |
| III | 96 (31.9) | 1820 (17.2) | 0.21 [0.08, 0.58] | |
| VI | 13 (4.3) | 39 (0.4) | 0.03 [0.01, 0.11] | |
| Preoperative variables | ||||
| Baseline MAP, mmHg | 100 ± 16 | 100 ± 15 | −0.42−2.26, 1.41] | 0.649 |
| Baseline noninvasive MAP, mmHg | 101 [92, 111] | 102 [93, 110] | 0 [−2, 2] | 0.895 |
| Uric acid, µmol l− 1 | 316.1 [246.3, 409.3] | 303.9 [245.5, 369.8] | 16.65 [3.9, 29.4] | 0.011 |
| Urea, mmol l− 1 | 6.6 [5.2, 8.3] | 5.7 [4.7, 7] | 0.85 [0.6, 1.1] | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, µmol l− 1 | 71.9 [57.9, 92.5] | 62.2 [52.5, 73.7] | 10.1 [7.6, 12.6] | < 0.001 |
| Cystatin C, mg l− 1 | 1.205 [0.99, 1.5025] | 0.99 [0.88, 1.13] | 0.2 [0.17, 0.23] | < 0.001 |
| Preoperative antibiotics use | ||||
| Cephalosporins | 166 (55.1) | 6794 (64.3) | 1.47 [1.16, 1.86] | 0.001 |
| Penicillins | 55 (18.3) | 1032 (9.8) | 0.48 [0.36, 0.67] | < 0.001 |
| Quinolones | 7 (2.3) | 269 (2.5) | 1.1 [0.52, 2.78] | 0.955 |
| Aminoglycosides | 2 (0.7) | 19 (0.2) | 0.27 [0.06, 2.4] | 0.114 |
| Vancomycin | 20 (6.6) | 604 (5.7) | 0.85 [0.54, 1.43] | 0.58 |
| Blood pressure medications | ||||
| Dihydropyridines | 8 (2.7) | 388 (3.7) | 1.4 [0.69, 3.29] | 0.44 |
| Sartans | 10 (3.3) | 326 (3.1) | 0.93 [0.49, 1.97] | 0.95 |
| ACEI | 0 (0) | 24 (0.2) | Inf | 1 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 5 (1.7) | 102 (1) | 0.58 [0.24, 1.83] | 0.224 |
| Beta-blockers | 0 (0) | 36 (0.3) | Inf | 0.626 |
| Preoperative comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 244 (81.1) | 8962 (84.9) | 1.31 [0.96, 1.77] | 0.082 |
| Cerebral infarction | 9 (3) | 263 (2.5) | 0.83 [0.42, 1.85] | 0.719 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 3 (1) | 110 (1) | 1.05 [0.35, 5.18] | 1 |
| Cardiac insufficiency | 5 (1.7) | 24 (0.2) | 0.13 [0.05, 0.46] | 0.001 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | 0 (0) | 5 (0.05) | Inf | 1 |
| Postoperative complications | ||||
| Coronary heart disease | 2 (0.7) | 14 (0.1) | 0.2 [0.05, 1.81] | 0.071 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 7 (2.3) | 111 (1.1) | 0.45 [0.21, 1.15] | 0.046 |
| Gastrointestinal dysfunction | 18 (6) | 168 (1.6) | 0.25 [0.15, 0.45] | < 0.001 |
| Duration of surgery, min | 190 [125, 285] | 165 [115, 230] | 25 [15, 35] | < 0.001 |
| Intraoperative variables | ||||
| Sufentanil, µg | 50 [30, 60] | 50 [35, 50] | −0.00001 [−0.00008, 0.00006] | 0.979 |
| Ephedrine, µg | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | 0.00001 [−0.00002, 0.00004] | 0.731 |
| Phenylephrine, µg | 0 [0, 50] | 0 [0, 0] | 0.00003 [0.00005, 0] | < 0.001 |
| Norepinephrine, µg | 33 (11) | 303 (2.9) | 0.24 [0.16, 0.36] | < 0.001 |
| Atropine, mg | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | −0.00002 [−0.00005, 0.00001] | 0.522 |
| Blood loss, ml | 200 [65, 400] | 100 [50, 200] | 75 [50, 100] | < 0.001 |
| Crystal volume, ml | 500 [500, 1000] | 500 [500, 1000] | 0 [0, 0] | 0.035 |
| Plasma substitute, ml | 500 [500, 1000] | 500 [500, 500] | 0 [0, 0] | < 0.001 |
| Blood transfusion volume, ml | 0 [0, 600] | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | < 0.001 |
| Urine volume, ml | 300 [187.5, 500] | 300 [0, 500] | 25 [−0.00004, 50] | 0.096 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, median [25th, 75th percentiles] or n (%)
P values are derived from Pearson chi-square test, Fisher chi-square test, Welch’s t-test, or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate
AKI Acute kidney injury, BMI Body mass index, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, MAP Mean arterial pressure, ACEI Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor