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. 2026 Jan 21;12:1724041. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1724041

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Copyright © 2026 Zheng, Suo, Li, Lu, Han, Bo and Guo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two line graphs showing the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for lung cancer risk in relation to coffee and tea consumption. Both graphs indicate a nonlinear relationship with significant P-values less than 0.001. The left graph shows coffee consumption peaking risk at higher intakes, while the right graph shows a similar pattern for tea consumption. Both curves start below 1.0 HR, rise above 1.0, and include shaded areas representing the confidence interval. — Concentration response between tea and coffee intake and the risk of lung cancer.