Table 1.
Demographic and lifestyle characteristics of 276,209 participants by coffee and tea intake category in the UK Biobank study.
| Characteristics | Overall | Coffee | Tea | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.5–1 | 2–3 | ≥4 | 0 | 0.5–1 | 2–3 | ≥4 | ||
| Number, n (%) | 276,209 | 56,797 (20.6) | 76,005 (27.5) | 89,275 (32.3) | 54,132 (19.6) | 40,388 (14.6) | 34,494 (12.5) | 83,317 (30.2) | 118,010 (42.7) |
| Mean age (SD), y | 55.38 (8.01) | 53.92 (7.95) | 55.84 (8.02) | 56.09 (7.98) | 55.12 (7.87) | 54.22 (8.05) | 54.68 (8.20) | 55.65 (8.07) | 55.80 (7.84) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||||||
| Female | 144,642 (52.4) | 32,904 (57.9) | 41,644 (54.8) | 45,500 (51.0) | 24,594 (45.4) | 21,959 (54.4) | 17,070 (49.5) | 43,273 (51.9) | 62,340 (52.8) |
| Male | 131,567 (47.6) | 23,893 (42.1) | 34,361 (45.2) | 43,775 (49.0) | 29,538 (54.6) | 18,429 (45.6) | 17,424 (50.5) | 40,044 (48.1) | 55,670 (47.2) |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||||
| White | 156 (0.1) | 28 (0.0) | 35 (0.0) | 63 (0.1) | 30 (0.1) | 19 (0.0) | 28 (0.1) | 49 (0.1) | 60 (0.1) |
| Other | 276,053 (99.9) | 56,769 (100.0) | 75,970 (100.0) | 89,212 (99.9) | 54,102 (99.9) | 40,369 (100.0) | 34,466 (99.9) | 83,268 (99.9) | 117,950 (99.9) |
| Education, n (%) | |||||||||
| College or University | 118,672 (43.0) | 21,351 (37.6) | 33,645 (44.3) | 41,199 (46.1) | 22,477 (41.5) | 16,250 (40.2) | 16,926 (49.1) | 37,437 (44.9) | 48,059 (40.7) |
| A/AS levels | 38,457 (13.9) | 8,036 (14.1) | 10,773 (14.2) | 12,367 (13.9) | 7,281 (13.5) | 5,895 (14.6) | 4,963 (14.4) | 11,619 (13.9) | 15,980 (13.5) |
| O levels/GCSEs | 66,893 (24.2) | 15,016 (26.4) | 18,133 (23.9) | 20,322 (22.8) | 13,422 (24.8) | 10,390 (25.7) | 7,399 (21.5) | 19,647 (23.6) | 29,457 (25.0) |
| CSEs or equivalent | 16,598 (6.0) | 4,477 (7.9) | 3,878 (5.1) | 4,622 (5.2) | 3,621 (6.7) | 2,801 (6.9) | 1,583 (4.6) | 4,592 (5.5) | 7,622 (6.5) |
| NVQ or HND or HNC | 20,188 (7.3) | 4,684 (8.2) | 5,351 (7.0) | 5,787 (6.5) | 4,366 (8.1) | 2,932 (7.3) | 1,988 (5.8) | 5,555 (6.7) | 9,713 (8.2) |
| Other professional qualifications | 15,401 (5.6) | 3,233 (5.7) | 4,225 (5.6) | 4,978 (5.6) | 2,965 (5.5) | 2,120 (5.2) | 1,635 (4.7) | 4,467 (5.4) | 7,179 (6.1) |
| Median townsend deprivation index (IQR) | |||||||||
| −1.27 (3.07) | −1.58 (2.92) | −1.71 (2.86) | −1.63 (2.87) | −1.27 (3.07) | −1.35 (3.03) | −1.34 (3.04) | −1.61 (2.91) | −1.68 (2.85) | |
| Income, n (%) | |||||||||
| < 18,000 | 42,266 (15.3) | 10,176 (17.9) | 12,186 (16.0) | 12,216 (13.7) | 7,688 (14.2) | 6,435 (15.9) | 4,619 (13.4) | 11,669 (14.0) | 19,543 (16.6) |
| 18,000–30,999 | 66,090 (23.9) | 13,872 (24.4) | 18,501 (24.3) | 21,224 (23.8) | 12,493 (23.1) | 9,534 (23.6) | 7,470 (21.7) | 19,734 (23.7) | 29,352 (24.9) |
| 31,000–51,999 | 79,871 (28.9) | 16,457 (29.0) | 21,517 (28.3) | 26,062 (29.2) | 15,835 (29.3) | 11,761 (29.1) | 9,889 (28.7) | 24,073 (28.9) | 34,148 (28.9) |
| 52,000–100,000 | 68,778 (24.9) | 13,242 (23.3) | 18,447 (24.3) | 22,788 (25.5) | 14,301 (26.4) | 9,982 (24.7) | 9,341 (27.1) | 21,461 (25.8) | 27,994 (23.7) |
| >100,000 | 19,204 (7.0) | 3,050 (5.4) | 5,354 (7.0) | 6,985 (7.8) | 3,815 (7.0) | 2,676 (6.6) | 3,175 (9.2) | 6,380 (7.7) | 6,973 (5.9) |
| Mean body mass index (SD), kg/m 2 | |||||||||
| 27.06 (4.58) | 27.07 (4.82) | 26.69 (4.49) | 26.95 (4.41) | 27.77 (4.65) | 27.77 (5.05) | 27.11 (4.67) | 26.83 (4.45) | 26.97 (4.45) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | |||||||||
| Low | 51,373 (18.6) | 11,100 (19.5) | 13,362 (17.6) | 15,593 (17.5) | 11,318 (20.9) | 8,329 (20.6) | 6,737 (19.5) | 14,975 (18.0) | 21,332 (18.1) |
| Moderate | 115,104 (41.7) | 22,788 (40.1) | 32,280 (42.5) | 38,160 (42.7) | 21,876 (40.4) | 16,146 (40.0) | 14,499 (42.0) | 35,642 (42.8) | 48,817 (41.4) |
| High | 109,732 (39.7) | 22,909 (40.3) | 30,363 (39.9) | 35,522 (39.8) | 20,938 (38.7) | 15,913 (39.4) | 13,258 (38.4) | 32,700 (39.2) | 47,861 (40.6) |
| Drinking, n (%) | |||||||||
| Current | 8,884 (3.2) | 3,871 (6.8) | 2,134 (2.8) | 1,756 (2.0) | 1,123 (2.1) | 1,782 (4.4) | 1,026 (3.0) | 2,558 (3.1) | 3,518 (3.0) |
| Ever | 7,806 (2.8) | 2,681 (4.7) | 1,606 (2.1) | 1,827 (2.0) | 1,692 (3.1) | 1,720 (4.3) | 856 (2.5) | 1,778 (2.1) | 3,452 (2.9) |
| Never | 259,519 (94.0) | 50,245 (88.5) | 72,265 (95.1) | 85,692 (96.0) | 51,317 (94.8) | 36,886 (91.3) | 32,612 (94.5) | 78,981 (94.8) | 111,040 (94.1) |
| Smoke, n (%) | |||||||||
| Current | 157,913 (57.2) | 35,395 (62.3) | 45,554 (59.9) | 50,565 (56.6) | 26,399 (48.8) | 22,444 (55.6) | 19,253 (55.8) | 48,446 (58.1) | 67,770 (57.4) |
| Ever | 92,761 (33.6) | 16,931 (29.8) | 25,245 (33.2) | 31,193 (34.9) | 19,392 (35.8) | 13,233 (32.8) | 11,696 (33.9) | 28,406 (34.1) | 39,426 (33.4) |
| Never | 25,535 (9.2) | 4,471 (7.9) | 5,206 (6.8) | 7,517 (8.4) | 8,341 (15.4) | 4,711 (11.7) | 3,545 (10.3) | 6,465 (7.8) | 10,814 (9.2) |
| Median tea intake (IQR), cups per day | |||||||||
| 3.32 (2.76) | 4.37 (3.19) | 3.97 (2.57) | 2.90 (2.27) | 1.97 (2.55) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.86 (0.22) | 2.51 (0.50) | 5.74 (2.40) | |
| Median coffee intake (IQR), cups per day | |||||||||
| 2.04 (2.03) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.40 (0.49) | 5.25 (1.93) | 3.36 (2.70) | 2.80 (2.09) | 2.02 (1.67) | 1.39 (1.65) | |