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. 2026 Jan 21;12:1724041. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1724041

Table 2.

HRs and 95% CIs for lung cancer by coffee and tea intake among the 276209 persons in the UK Biobank study.

Characteristics Coffee Tea
0 0.5–1 2–3 4 0 0.5–1 2–3 4
Number 56,797 76,005 89,275 54,132 40,388 34,494 83,317 118,010
Case, N 551 581 769 730 478 308 628 1,217
Model 1a Ref 0.79 (0.70–0.89) 0.89 (0.80–0.99) 1.39 (1.24–1.55) Ref 0.75 (0.65–0.87) 0.75 (0.65–0.87) 0.75 (0.65–0.87)
Model 2b Ref 0.65 (0.58–0.73) 0.72 (0.64–0.80) 1.24 (1.11–1.38) Ref 0.71 (0.61–0.82) 0.55 (0.49–0.62) 0.76 (0.68–0.85)
Model 3c Ref 0.72 (0.64–0.81) 0.77 (0.69–0.86) 1.03 (0.92–1.15) Ref 0.80 (0.70–0.93) 0.67 (0.60–0.76) 0.86 (0.77–0.95)

aOriginal model without adjusting for any variables. bAdjusted for age and sex. cAdjusted for age, sex, race, physical activity, educational level, employment status, smoking, drinking, body mass index, townsend deprivation index, cardiovascular, and cancer.