Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants stratified by WHRa
| Characteristic | Overall | WHR | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without abdominal obesity | With abdominal obesity | |||
| Sample size | 88571 | 46554 | 42017 | |
| Age | 55.8 (8.1) | 54.8 (8.2) | 56.9 (7.8) | <0.001 |
| Female | 47459 (53.6%) | 33618 (72.2%) | 13841 (32.9%) | <0.001 |
| Deprivation index | −1.4 (3.0) | −1.6 (2.9) | −1.3 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| White | 84351 (95.2%) | 44536 (95.7%) | 39815 (94.8%) | <0.001 |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No qualification | 12888 (14.6%) | 5370 (11.5%) | 7518 (17.9%) | |
| Any other qualification | 44854 (50.6%) | 23160 (49.7%) | 21694 (51.6%) | |
| University degree or above | 30829 (34.8%) | 18024 (38.7%) | 12805 (30.5%) | |
| Dietary score, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Meeting <2 targets | 42383 (47.9%) | 20007 (43.0%) | 22376 (53.3%) | |
| Meeting ≥2 targets | 46188 (52.1%) | 26547 (57.0%) | 19641 (46.7%) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 49602 (56.0%) | 28610 (61.5%) | 20992 (50.0%) | |
| Previous | 29958 (33.8%) | 13874 (29.8%) | 16084 (38.3%) | |
| Current | 9011 (10.2%) | 4070 (8.7%) | 4941 (11.8%) | |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 3392 (3.8%) | 1812 (3.9%) | 1580 (3.8%) | |
| Previous | 2852 (3.2%) | 1430 (3.1%) | 1422 (3.4%) | |
| Current, <3 times/week | 42321 (47.8%) | 22943 (49.3%) | 19378 (46.1%) | |
| Current, ≥3 times/week | 40006 (45.2%) | 20369 (43.8%) | 19637 (46.7%) | |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 46664 (52.7%) | 25412 (54.6%) | 21252 (50.6%) | <0.001 |
| eGFR | 91.6 (12.8) | 92.5 (12.6) | 90.6 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 46822 (52.9%) | 19664 (42.2%) | 27158 (64.6%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 10753 (12.1%) | 3623 (7.8%) | 7130 (17.0%) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 3813 (4.3%) | 619 (1.3%) | 3194 (7.6%) | <0.001 |
| Plasma fatty acids | ||||
| SFAs (% TFA) | 34.0 (1.9) | 33.7 (1.7) | 34.3 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| MUFAs (% TFA) | 23.4 (2.6) | 22.5 (2.3) | 24.4 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Total PUFAs (% TFA) | 42.6 (3.7) | 43.8 (3.1) | 41.3 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| n-3 PUFAs (% TFA) | 4.4 (1.6) | 4.5 (1.6) | 4.3 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| n-6 PUFAs (% TFA) | 38.2 (3.6) | 39.3 (3.0) | 37.0 (3.8) | <0.001 |
aAll variables measured at baseline are presented as mean (SD) or number (%).