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. 2026 Jan 20;16:4598. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-34718-5

Table 1.

Study site labels and attributes.

Site Location Geology/Qualitative Soil Permeability Depth to Source Zones from Grade
(m)
Product(s) Concurrent Active Recovery (L/hectare /year) and (m/year) Specific Product Volume
(L/hectare) and m) at t0
A USA Mississippi River overbank silts and sands / Low ~ 1 Gasoline and diesel

4

Inline graphic

800,000

0.08

B USA Coastal eolian sand dunes / High ~ 10 Intermediate Distillate Diluent

1,000

Inline graphic

400,000

0.04

C USA Glacial valley train sand and gravel / High ~ 8 Gasoline and diesel NA

400,000

0.04

D USA Braided fluvial sands and gravels / High ~ 1 Gasoline and diesel NA

80,000

0.008

E USA Missouri River overbank silts and sands / Low ~ 5 Gasoline and diesel NA

400,000

0.04

F – Paved USA Poorly sorted Intermountain basin fill / Moderate ~ 5 Gasoline and diesel NA NA
F –Unpaved USA Poorly sorted Intermountain basin fill / Moderate ~ 5 Gasoline and diesel NA NA
G USA Poorly sorted fine-grained coastal basin fill / Moderate ~ 4 Gasoline and diesel NA NA
H USA Poorly sorted Intermountain basin fill / Moderate ~ 3 Gasoline and diesel NA NA
I USA Gulf coast coastal plain sands and silts / Moderate ~ 2 Natural gas condensate NA NA