Skip to main content
. 2026 Jan 21;16:1751619. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1751619

Figure 2.

A series of forest plots showing meta-analysis results for several studies. Each subplot (a to h) details experimental and control groups with measures such as mean difference, odds ratio, and confidence intervals. Subplots are categorized by age, gender, and other groupings, each displaying individual study results and overall effects. Plots include heterogeneity statistics and confidence intervals to compare experimental versus control outcomes. Black diamonds represent the overall effect size with green squares indicating individual study estimates for mean difference, and blue squares for odds ratio.

Meta-Analysis results between ACEs and subsequent impact on adulthood cognitive impairment. (a-h) shows the forest plot illustrating the mean differences and 95% confidence intervals of cognitive disorder group and non-cognitive disorder group on each corresponding indicator. Age (a), gender (b), CTQ score (c), emotional abuse (d), physical abuse (e), sexual abuse (f), emotional neglect (g) and physical neglect (h) were taken into meta-analysis. Under 65 years old, CTQ total score, emotional neglect, all were significant risk factors for cognitive impairment associated with ACEs (all p < 0.05).