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. 2026 Jan 21;16:1751619. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1751619

Table 2.

Risk factors for subsequent adult cognitive impairment impact on childhood trauma.

Item Number of studies Number of participants Heterogeneity test Results of meta-analysis
I2(%) p-value Effect size 95% C.I. Effect model p-value
Age 4 (1922) 1979 77 0.004 MD=1.71 (-0.32, 3.74) Random 0.10
<65 years 2 (19, 20) 274 0 0.74 MD=2.59 (0.09, 5.09) Random 0.04
≥65 years 2 (21, 22) 1705 89 0.002 MD=1.24 (-1.47, 3.95) Random 0.37
Gender 4 (1922) 1979 0 0.73 OR=1.00 (0.86, 1.16) Fixed 1.00
CTQ score 3 (19, 20, 22) 411 90 <0.0001 MD=7.06 (0.87, 13.24) Random 0.03
Emotional Abuse 3 (19, 20, 22) 411 96 <0.0001 MD=2.14 (-1.18, 6.00) Random 0.19
Physical Abuse 3 (19, 20, 22) 411 85 0.001 MD=1.04 (-0.11, 2.20) Random 0.08
Sexual Abuse 3 (19, 20, 22) 411 72 0.03 MD=0.27 (-0.30, 0.85) Random 0.36
Emotional Neglect 3 (19, 20, 22) 411 93 <0.0001 MD=2.88 (0.39, 5.37) Random 0.02
Physical Neglect 3 (19, 20, 22) 411 90 <0.0001 MD=1.30 (-0.08, 2.68) Random 0.07