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. 2026 Jan 21;12:1696945. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1696945

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Copyright © 2026 Ma, Zhou and Luo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plots and tables depict subgroup analyses showing hazard ratios, confidence intervals, and p-values for different variables: age, gender, COVID-19 status, and sepsis. Each subgroup's total and event percentages are listed. Panel A and B are shown with interaction p-values on the right. — Subgroup analysis. (A) Subgroup analysis and forest plot of LAR and mortality in patients with severe pneumonia. (B) Subgroup sensitivity analysis after excluding data from the most recent year.