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. 2026 Jan 21;12:1696945. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1696945

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Copyright © 2026 Ma, Zhou and Luo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A shows a bar chart ranking features by mean absolute SHAP value, with LAR and LDH having the highest values. Panel B is a scatter plot displaying SHAP values by feature, with data points color-coded from blue to red based on feature value, showing variation across characteristics like LAR and LDH. — SHAP analysis of the RF model. (A) Feature importance ranking plot. (B) SHAP beeswarm plot.