Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with COVID-19
| Survivors | Non-survivors | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 30 | n = 10 | ||
| Age, years | 59.78 ± 14.32 | 64.29 ± 14.44 | 0.109 |
| Sex (female/male) | 8/22 | 1/9 | 0.404 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.00 ± 7.75 | 27.67 ± 5.44 | 0.739 |
| SOFA score | 3.57 ± 1.77 | 7.40 ± 3.60 | < 0.001 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | 13.40 ± 3.77 | 11.50 ± 5.02 | 0.396 |
| P/F ratio | 202.36 ± 112.84 | 175.01 ± 58.76 | 0.612 |
| APACHE II score | 13.40 ± 3.77 | 16.50 ± 7.20 | 0.018 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 14 | 5 | 1.000 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 11 | 5 | 0.482 |
| Kidney disorder | 1 | 3 | 0.042 |
| Respiratory disorder | 8 | 1 | 0.404 |
| Cardiovascular disorder | 4 | 3 | 0.338 |
| Liver disorder | 0 | 2 | 0.058 |
| Immune disease | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
| CBC | |||
| Hemoglobin(g/dL) | 13.41 ± 1.40 | 12.84 ± 2.93 | 0.656 |
| WBC (× 103/μL) | 9.32 ± 5.01 | 7.75 ± 4.09 | 0.301 |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 9.42 ± 6.22 | 13.26 ± 10.76 | 0.48 |
| Neutrophil (%) | 84.98 ± 7.88 | 78.58 ± 13.54 | 0.18 |
| Platelet (× 103/μL) | 249.10 ± 107.60 | 182.67 ± 102.74 | 0.036 |
| Coag | |||
| D-dimer (μg/mL) | 5.31 ± 8.56 | 28.26 ± 74.65 | 0.301 |
| PT-INR | 1.17 ± 0.26 | 1.18 ± 0.25 | 0.818 |
| APTT (s) | 34.50 ± 5.73 | 35.94 ± 5.30 | 0.548 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 522.97 ± 148.45 | 441.90 ± 170.84 | 0.155 |
| Chem | |||
| Total protein (g/dL) | 6.51 ± 0.56 | 6.13 ± 0.56 | 0.109 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.75 ± 0.50 | 2.60 ± 0.59 | 0.89 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.90 ± 0.52 | 2.40 ± 1.80 | 0.009 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 23.85 ± 17.62 | 45.47 ± 29.80 | 0.046 |
| LDH (U/L) | 536.23 ± 181.92 | 548.80 ± 435.44 | 0.379 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 11.83 ± 6.51 | 8.33 ± 7.12 | 0.123 |
| ABG | |||
| pH | 7.35 ± 0.10 | 7.28 ± 0.16 | 0.379 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 116.20 ± 47.61 | 110.39 ± 57.87 | 0.382 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 44.32 ± 13.83 | 49.83 ± 19.40 | 0.59 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.55 ± 0.62 | 3.02 ± 3.29 | 0.023 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 23.29 ± 3.52 | 22.06 ± 4.03 | 0.469 |
| Treatments | |||
| Corticosteroids | 28 | 9 | 1.000 |
| Remdesivir | 23 | 4 | 0.054 |
| Heparin | 27 | 7 | 0.153 |
| Tocilizumab | 25 | 8 | 0.190 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD, median [IQR], or n (%), as appropriate. For between-group comparisons of survivors (n = 30) and non-survivors (n = 10), a two-tailed Student’s t-test was used for approximately normally distributed continuous variables or the Mann–Whitney U test otherwise; categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test
The significance level was α = 0.05, with no adjustment for multiple comparisons
All measurements (including arterial blood gases and lactate) were obtained at ICU admission
Available cases were used for the analysis; variable-specific sample sizes may differ where data were missing
SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; P/F ratio: partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; CBC: complete blood count; WBC: white blood cell count; Coag: coagulation tests; PT-INR: prothrombin time—International Normalized Ratio; aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; Chem: blood chemistry; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; ABG: arterial blood gas analysis; PaO₂: arterial oxygen pressure; PaCO₂: arterial carbon dioxide pressure; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; ICU: intensive care unit