Skip to main content
. 2026 Jan 22;16:1702050. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1702050

Figure 1.

Bar graphs A and B compare eye movement accuracy and velocity between early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and healthy controls across different cycle durations (1600ms, 2400ms, 4800ms) and directions (horizontal, vertical). Graph A shows eye movement accuracy, while graph B shows velocity. Early-stage PD patients (blue bars) generally display higher mean squared error values than controls (orange bars), indicating more impaired eye movement. Significant differences, denoted by p-values, are observed particularly in velocity metrics across all cycle durations and directions. Error bars indicate standard error or interquartile range, with dots representing individual subject values. Bar graphs C and D compare phase of eye movement accuracy and number of fixations between early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and healthy controls across different cycle durations (1600ms, 2400ms, 4800ms) and directions (horizontal, vertical). Graph C shows phase of eye movement (measured by mean squared error), while graph D shows number of fixations. Early-stage PD patients (blue bars) generally display higher mean squared error values and than controls (orange bars), indicating more impaired phase of eye movement. Bar graph comparing the range of eye movements between early-stage Parkinson's disease patients and healthy controls across different cycle durations and directions. Horizontal and vertical movements are shown at 1600, 2400, and 4800 milliseconds. Orange bars represent healthy controls, blue bars represent early-stage Parkinson's, with significant p-values indicated in red above each comparison. Error bars show standard error of the mean or interquartile range. Black dots represent individual subject values.

(A) Comparison of eye movement accuracy in all observed cycles between patients with early-stage PD and healthy controls. (B) Comparison of eye movement velocity in all observed cycles between patients with early-stage PD and healthy controls. (C) Comparison of phase of eye movement in all observed cycles between patients with early-stage PD and healthy controls. (D). Comparison of number of eye fixations in all observed cycles between patients with early-stage PD and healthy controls. (E) Comparison of range of eye movements in all observed cycles between patients with early-stage PD and healthy controls.