PCR results from one t(11;22) family. a, Pedigree of t(11;22) family. The blackened circle denotes the proband, who has the supernumerary-der(22) syndrome, and the circle with a black dot denotes the mother who is a carrier of the balanced translocation. b, PCR analysis for der(11). c, PCR analysis for der(22). Lanes M show 1-kb plus DNA ladder (GIBCO BRL); lanes P show results for the carrier of the t(11;22) balanced translocation (case 1), who serves as a positive control; the numbered lanes show results for DNA from individuals with the corresponding ID number in the pedigree Size markers (in bp) are indicated. The largest band is the authentic PCR product (arrows). The ladder is an artifact that originates from “stutter bands,” on amplification of the AT-rich repeat.