Table 2.
Quality assessment of included cohort studies using the NOS.
| Study | Selection | Comparability of cohorts | Outcomes | Score | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representativeness of cohort | Selection of nonexposed cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Outcome lacking at the beginning | Outcome assessment | Sufficient follow-up time | Follow up adequacy | |||
| Xu 2023 (39) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ☆ | ★ | 8 |
| Auriemma 2020 (26) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
| Wang 2024 (35) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 |
| Li 2020 (29) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
| Seethala 2017 (7) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
| Wang 2020 (36) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ☆ | ☆ | 7 |
| Quan 2025 (32) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
| Liu 2021 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
| Yang 2020 (42) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
| Wang 2019 (37) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Chen 2020 (28) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
| Nam 2019 (14) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ☆ | ★ | 8 |
| Bardají-Carrillo 2024 (27) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| McKown 2017 (31) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Shi 2022 (12) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Ma 2024 (30) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Iriyama 2020 (10) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Yang 2022 (40) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Fan 2023 | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Mikkelsen 2013 (13) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Wu 2020 (38) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
| Yang 2023 (41) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Sun 2024 (34) | ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 7 |
Notes: NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. ★ indicates that the study met the criterion and was awarded one star for the corresponding item; ☆ indicates that the criterion was not met and no star was awarded. In the Comparability domain, a study can receive up to two stars (★★).