TABLE 1.

Metabolic activity and related parameters of buffered resting cells of the mother strain B. animalis subsp. lactis IPLA4549 and its bile-resistant derivative B. animalis subsp. lactis 4549dOx collected at several sampling points throughout fermentation in FM supplemented with glucose or maltose as the carbon source

Sampling pointa	Sugar added to FMb	Strain	Time of incubation (h) (OD)	Value for indicated parameter (mean ± SD)h
				Glucose consumed (mM/OD600)	Total organic acidsc (mM/OD600)	A/L ratiod	F/L ratiod	Formic acid carbon balancee	Ethanol carbon balancef	Theoretical ATP yieldg
1	G	Mother	8 (1.32 ± 0.32)	3.70 ± 0.59	6.16 ± 1.30	3.23 ± 0.34	0	0	0.002 ± 0.001	1.05 ± 0.08
		Derivative	24 (1.72 ± 0.22)	2.30 ± 0.31*	3.90 ± 0.21*	3.11 ± 0.13	0.42 ± 0.03***	0.027 ± 0.003***	0.016 ± 0.004**	1.25 ± 0.18
	M	Mother	8 (1.98 ± 0.08)	2.80 ± 0.16	4.94 ± 0.39	2.63 ± 0.12	0	0	0.002 ± 0.000	1.25 ± 0.03
		Derivative	10 (1.90 ± 0.07)	1.45 ± 0.14***	3.08 ± 0.30**	11.59 ± 1.48***	3.03 ± 0.41***	0.068 ± 0.001***	0.037 ± 0.004***	1.67 ± 0.01***
2	G	Mother	24 (4.84 ± 0.07)	1.48 ± 0.13	2.45 ± 0.06	2.37 ± 0.29	0.23 ± 0.02	0.018 ± 0.001	0.007 ± 0.002	1.24 ± 0.18
		Derivative	36 (3.42 ± 0.05)	1.61 ± 0.24	3.21 ± 0.07***	3.00 ± 0.10*	0.36 ± 0.01**	0.027 ± 0.001***	0.011 ± 0.001*	1.63 ± 0.08*
	M	Mother	24 (5.46 ± 0.71)	1.58 ± 0.20	2.57 ± 0.92	2.03 ± 0.25	0.04 ± 0.00	0.004 ± 0.002	0.002 ± 0.002	1.26 ± 1.04
		Derivative	24 (6.04 ± 0.42)	1.04 ± 0.01**	1.62 ± 0.02	3.51 ± 0.14**	0.73 ± 0.01***	0.036 ± 0.001***	0.017 ± 0.001***	1.08 ± 0.01
3	G	Mother	48 (5.07 ± 0.03)	1.63 ± 0.22	1.90 ± 0.50	1.77 ± 0.41	0.11 ± 0.00	0.008 ± 0.002	0.003 ± 0.001	0.67 ± 0.59
		Derivative	48 (4.13 ± 0.47)	1.55 ± 0.13	2.97 ± 0.36*	3.35 ± 0.24**	0.42 ± 0.09**	0.028 ± 0.003**	0.012 ± 0.000***	1.49 ± 0.10
	M	Mother	48 (5.92 ± 0.04)	1.05 ± 0.07	2.05 ± 0.07	2.12 ± 0.37	0.10 ± 0.00	0.010 ± 0.001	0.002 ± 0.000	1.64 ± 0.19
		Derivative	48 (6.47 ± 0.36)	0.72 ± 0.03**	1.41 ± 0.15**	4.41 ± 0.10***	0.55 ± 0.00***	0.030 ± 0.002***	0.007 ± 0.001**	1.48 ± 0.16

^aPoint 1, exponential phase; point 2, beginning of stationary phase; point 3, late stationary phase.

^bG, glucose; M, maltose.

^cTotal acids, acetic acid plus formic acid plus lactic acid.

^dA, acetic acid; L, lactic acid; F, formic acid.

^eFormic acid carbon balance = 1 × mmol of formic acid formed/6 × mmol of glucose consumed.

^fEthanol carbon balance = 2 × mmol of ethanol formed/6 × mmol of glucose consumed.

^gTheoretical ATP yield = mmol of ATP formed/mmol of glucose consumed.

^hOne-way ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.