Table 2. Factors associated with adverse birth outcomes among adolescents.
| Variable | Adverse birth outcome | χ2 (p value) | cOR (95% CI), p value | aOR (95% CI), p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present, n (%) | Absent, n (%) | ||||
| Year of birth | 2.47 (0.116) | ||||
| 2021 | 85 (41.7) | 119 (58.3) | Ref | ||
| 2022 | 57 (33.7) | 112 (66.3) | 1.38 (0.90 to 2.10), 0.140 | ||
| Subdistrict | 13.78 (0.008) | ||||
| Zanlerigu | 26 (49.1) | 27 (50.9) | Ref | Ref | |
| Pelungu | 27 (26.5) | 75 (73.5) | 2.68 (1.33 to 5.36), 0.006 | 2.95 (1.44 to 6.05), 0.003 | |
| Sakote | 30 (50.8) | 29 (49.2) | 0.93 (0.44 to 1.96), 0.850 | 0.95 (0.45 to 2.02), 0.902 | |
| Kongon-Pintanga | 42 (40.0) | 63 (60.0) | 1.44 (0.74 to 2.81), 0.279 | 1.44 (0.74 to 2.82), 0.289 | |
| Nangodi-Nyoboko | 17 (31.5) | 37 (68.5) | 2.10 (0.95 to 4.61), 0.065 | 1.91 (0.86 to 4.24), 0.112 | |
| Age | 4.92 (0.027) | ||||
| <16 | 13 (44.8) | 16 (55.2) | Ref | Ref | |
| 16–19 | 129 (37.5) | 215 (62.5) | 0.29 (0.09 to 0.92), 0.036 | 0.26 (0.08 to 0.89), 0.032 | |
| Height (cm) | 5.26 (0.154) | ||||
| <150 | 4 (50.0) | 4 (50.0) | Ref | ||
| 150–159 | 68 (37.0) | 116 (63.0) | 1.71 (0.41 to 7.04), 0.460 | ||
| 160–169 | 63 (42.3) | 86 (57.7) | 1.40 (0.34 to 5.83), 0.641 | ||
| 170+ | 7 (21.9) | 25 (78.1) | 3.57 (0.71 to 18.04), 0.123 | ||
| Educational level | 1.40 (0.705) | ||||
| None | 10 (40.0) | 15 (60.0) | Ref | ||
| Primary | 33 (42.3) | 45 (57.7) | 0.77 (0.30 to 1.95), 0.577 | ||
| JHS | 84 (37.7) | 139 (62.3) | 0.93 (0.39 to 2.20), 0.870 | ||
| SHS | 15 (31.9) | 32 (68.1) | 1.20 (0.43 to 3.33), 0.726 | ||
| Main occupation | 2.427 (0.788) | ||||
| Housewife | 44 (34.4) | 84 (65.6) | Ref | ||
| Student | 54 (39.4) | 83 (60.6) | 0.93 (0.53 to 1.63), 0.790 | ||
| Skilled worker | 34 (42.5) | 46 (57.5) | 0.87 (0.29 to 2.64), 0.802 | ||
| Farmer | 6 (42.9) | 8 (57.1) | 1.30 (0.31 to 5.43), 0.718 | ||
| Trader | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) | 1.24 (0.75 to 2.05), 0.396 | ||
| Unemployed | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 2.60 (0.28 to 23.91), 0.398 | ||
| Number of pregnancies | 1.13 (0.568) | ||||
| 1 | 121 (39.0) | 189 (61.0) | Ref | ||
| 2 | 20 (34.5) | 38 (65.5) | 1.20 (0.67 to 2.16), 0.543 | ||
| 3 | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 2.53 (0.27 to 22.87), 0.410 | ||
| Number of children | 2.26 (0.324) | ||||
| 0 | 125 (39.7) | 190 (60.3) | Ref | ||
| 1 | 16 (29.1) | 39 (70.9) | 1.58 (0.85 to 2.95), 0.150 | ||
| 2 | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 1.30 (0.12 to 14.47), 0.832 | ||
| Gestational age at ANC | 1.91 (0.385) | ||||
| First trimester | 43 (33.9) | 84 (66.1) | Ref | ||
| Second trimester | 81 (39.3) | 125 (60.7) | 0.79 (0.50 to 1.25), 0.317 | ||
| Third trimester | 18 (45.0) | 22 (55.0) | 0.69 (0.34 to 1.43), 0.322 | ||
| NHIS status | 0.12 (0.728) | ||||
| Yes and active | 141 (38.0) | 230 (62.0) | Ref | ||
| No/inactive | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0.61 (0.04 to 9.77), 0.724 | ||
| HIV/AIDS status | 0.12 (0.728) | ||||
| Negative | 141 (38.0) | 230 (62.0) | Ref | ||
| Positive | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0.61 (0.04 to 9.77), 0.724 | ||
| Sickling status | 5.30 (0.021) | ||||
| Negative | 137 (37.3) | 230 (62.7) | Ref | ||
| Positive | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 0.12 (0.01 to 1.03), 0.053 | ||
| Number of ANC visits | 5.93 (0.015) | ||||
| Less than eight visits | 81 (42.0) | 112 (58.0) | Ref | Ref | |
| Eight or more visits | 61 (33.9) | 119 (66.1) | 0.27 (0.09 to 0.83), 0.022 | 0.30 (0.10 to 0.96), 0.042 | |
| Anaemia status at first ANC | 1.71 (0.635) | ||||
| No | 80 (37.4) | 134 (62.6) | Ref | ||
| Mild | 53 (38.4) | 85 (61.6) | 0.99 (0.64 to 1.54), 0.955 | ||
| Moderate | 8 (40.0) | 12 (60.0) | 0.90 (0.35 to 2.28), 0.817 | ||
| Severe | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | ||
| Anaemia status at delivery | 8.79 (0.032) | ||||
| No | 75 (95.6) | 128 (63.1) | Ref | Ref | |
| Mild | 60 (38.5) | 96 (61.5) | 1.17 (0.44 to 3.09), 0.759 | 1.07 (0.38 to 3.06), 0.892 | |
| Moderate | 6 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) | 1.96 (0.23 to 16.88), 0.540 | 2.09 (0.24 to 18.58), 0.507 | |
| Severe | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 21.56 (1.25 to 373.11), 0.035 | 17.66 (0.98 to 318.78), 0.052 | |
| Sex of newborn | 0.29 (0.590) | ||||
| Female | 66 (36.7) | 114 (63.3) | Ref | ||
| Male | 76 (39.4) | 117 (60.6) | 0.87 (0.57 to 1.32), 0.516 | ||
ANC, antenatal care; aOR, adjusted OR; cOR, crude OR; JHS, junior high school; NHIS, National Health Insurance Scheme; SHS, senior high school.